Abstract
Biodegradable metals are being frequently explored as a very potential replacement for bone implant and fixing accessories, owing to their superior mechanical and biological properties. In connection to this, biodegradable magnesium (Mg) and its alloys exhibit good biocompatibility for orthopedic applications. Nevertheless, the use of these biodegradable materials has been restricted due to their fast degradation rate in the physiological environment, even before the new tissue is adequately generated. So, it becomes necessary to bring down their corrosion rate to retain their mechanical integrity until the bone properly heals. A solution to this problem is found in hydroxyapatite (HA)-reinforced Mg-based composites. However, it is important to understand the mechanical behavior of these materials, after exposure to body environment. In this study, HA-reinforced composites of Mg-based (Mg-3Zn) matrix are evaluated for their mechanical integrity in simulated in vitro condition. Addition of 5 wt.% HA decreased the corrosion rate of Mg-3Zn, which in turn maintained the mechanical integrity of the structures even after 14 days of immersion. Mg-3Zn and Mg-3Zn-5HA composites have retained ~ 34 and 66% of ultimate compressive strength after 3 days of immersion. All these studies together establish the effect of HA on mechanical integrity of Mg-based composites in orthopedic application.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M.P. Staiger, A.M. Pietak, J. Huadmai, and G. Dias, Magnesium and Its Alloys as Orthopedic Biomaterials: A Review, Biomaterials, 2006, 27, p 1728–1734
J.S. Janin and H. Waizy, Biodegradable Magnesium Implants for Orthopedic Applications, J. Mater. Sci., 2013, 48, p 39–50
S.S. El-Rahman, Neuropathology of Aluminum Toxicity in Rats (Glutamate and GABA Impairment), Pharmacol. Res., 2003, 47, p 189–194
A.F. Lotfabadi, M.H. Idris, A. Ourdjini, M.R.A. Kadir, S. Farahany, and H.R. Bakhsheshi-Rad, Thermal Characteristics and Corrosion Behaviour of Mg-xZn Alloys for Biomedical Applications, Mater. Sci., 2013, 36, p 1103–1113
N. Li and Y. Zheng, Zheng, Novel Magnesium Alloys Developed for Biomedical Application: A Review, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2013, 29, p 489–502
B. Ratna Sunil, C. Ganapathy, T.S. Sampath Kumar, and U. Chakkingal, Processing and Mechanical Behavior of Lamellar Structured Degradable Magnesium-Hydroxyapatite Implants, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 2014, 40, p 178–189
S.F. Hassan, K.S. Tun, and M. Gupta, Effect of Sintering Techniques on the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Nano-yttria Particulates Reinforced Magnesium Nanocomposites, J. Alloys Compd., 2010, 509, p 4341–4347
S. Jayalakshmi, S. Sahu, S. Sankaranarayanan, S. Gupta, and M. Gupta, Development of Novel Mg-Ni60Nb40 Amorphous Particle Reinforced Composites with Enhanced Hardness and Compressive Response, Mater. Des., 2014, 53, p 849–855
W. Muhammada, Z. Sajuri, Y. Mutohd, and Y. Miyashitad, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Composites Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering Technology, J. Alloys Compd., 2011, 509, p 6021–6029
R. Del Campo, B. Savoini, and A. Muñoz, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behaviour of Mg-HAP Composites, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 2014, 39, p 238–246
A.K. Khanra, H.C. Jung, S.H. Yu, K.S. Hong, and K.S. Shin, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg-HAP Composites, Bull. Mater. Sci., 2010, 33, p 43–47
V.P. Mantripragada, B. Lecka-Czernik, and N.A. Ebraheim, An Overview of Recent Advances in Designing Orthopaedic Implants, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A, 2013, 101, p 3349–3364
S.M. Kim, J.H. Jo, S.M. Lee, M.H. Kang, H.E. Kim, Y. Estrin, J.W. Lee, and Y.H. Koh, Hydroxyapatite-Coated Magnesium Implants with Improved Invitro and in Vivo Bio Corrosion, Biocompatibility and Bone Response, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A, 2014, 102, p 429–441
Y.W. Song, D.Y. Shan, and E.H. Han, Electrodeposition of Hydroxyapatite Coating on AZ91D Magnesium Alloy for Biomaterial Application, Mater. Lett., 2008, 62, p 3276–3279
G. Song, A Possible Biodegradable Magnesium Implant Material, Adv. Eng. Mater., 2007, 9, p 298–302
L. Xu, E. Zhang, and K. Yang, Phosphating Treatment and Corrosion Properties of Mg-Mn-Zn Alloy for Biomedical Application, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 2009, 20, p 859
N.T. Kirkland, J. Lespagnol, N. Birbilis, and M.P. Staiger, A Survey of Biocorrosion Rate of Magnesium Alloys, Corros. Sci., 2010, 52, p 287–291
L.L. Soon, H. Zuhailawati, I. Suhaina, and B.K. Dhindaw, Prediction of Compressive Strength of Biodegradable Magnesium-Zn/HA Composite via Response Surface Methodology and Its Biodegradation, Acta Mater., 2016, 29, p 464–474
D.B. Liu, M.F. Chen, and X.Y. Ye, Fabrication and Corrosion Behaviour of HA/Mg/Zn Biocomposites, Front. Mater. Sci. China, 2010, 4, p 139–144
F. Witte, F. Feyerabend, P. Maier, J. Fischer, M. Stormer, C. Blawert, W. Dietzel, and N. Hort, Biodegradable Magnesium–Hydroxyapatite Metal Matrix Composite, Biomaterials, 2007, 28, p 2163–2174
Y. Zhang, S. Wu, Q. Chen, and X. Zhou, The Research on Corrosion Property of Some Magnesium Alloys for Biomaterials, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 2015, 10, p 1015–1026
Y.F. Zheng, X.N. Gu, and F. Witte, Mater. Sci. Eng. R, 2014, 77, p 1–34
W. Xie, Y. Liu, D.S. Li, J. Zhang, Z.W. Zhang, and J. Bi, Influence of Sintering Routes to the Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Alloys and Its Composites Produced by PM Techniques, J. Alloys Compd., 2007, 431, p 162–166
S.N. Dezfuli, S. Leeflang, Z. Huan, J. Chang, and J. Zhou, Fabrication of Novel Magnesium-Matrix Composites and Their Mechanical Properties Prior to and During In Vitro Degradation, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 2017, 67, p 74–86
S. Singh, R.M. Kumar, K. Kumar, P. Gupta, S. Das, R. Jayaganthan, P. Roy, and D. Lahiri, Sol–Gel Derived Hydroxyapatite Coating on Mg-3Zn Alloy for Orthopaedic Application, J. Met., 2015, 4, p 702–712
A.F. Lotfabadi, M.H. Idris, A. Ourdjini, and M.R. Kadir, Thermal Characteristics and Corrosion Behaviour of Mg-xZn Alloys for Biomedical Application, Bull. Mater. Sci., 2013, 36, p 1103–1113
Z. Zhen, T.F. Xi, and Y.F. Zheng, A Review on In Vitro Corrosion Performance Test of Biodegradable Metallic Materials, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2013, 23, p 2283–2293
R.M. Kumar, K. Kumar, S. Singh, P. Gupta, B. Bhushan, P. Gopinath, and D. Lahiri, Electrophoretic Deposition of Hydroxyapatite Coating on Mg-3Zn Alloy for Orthopaedic Application, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2016, 287, p 82–92
K. Tun, W. Wong, Q. Nguyen, and M. Gupta, Tensile and Compressive Responses of Ceramic and Metallic Nanoparticles Reinforced Mg Composites, Materials, 2013, 6, p 1826–1839
P. Poddar, V.C. Srivastava, P.K. De, and K.L. Sahoo, Processing and Mechanical Properties of SiC Reinforced Cast Magnesium Matrix Composites by Stir Casting Process, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2007, 460–461, p 357–364
M.H. Fathi, A. Hanifi, and V. Mortazavi, Preparation and Bioactivity Evaluation of Bone Like-Hydroxyapatite Nano Powder, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2008, 202, p 536–542
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to all the laboratory staff of Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, IIT, Roorkee, for their facilities. DL acknowledges the financial support from funding by Department of Science and Technology, India (SB/SO/HS/138/2013). Authors are also grateful to Mr. Manoj Kumar R and Ms. Ankita Bisht for their technical support at the time of experiment.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dubey, A., Jaiswal, S. & Lahiri, D. Mechanical Integrity of Biodegradable Mg–HA Composite During In Vitro Exposure. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 28, 800–809 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-018-3778-8
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-018-3778-8