Skip to main content
Log in

The Effect of Heat Treatment Process Parameters on Mechanical Properties, Precipitation, Fatigue Life, and Fracture Mode of an Austenitic Mn Hadfield Steel

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, the effect of cooling rate after heat treatment on mechanical properties, fatigue life, precipitation and fracture mode of an austenitic Mn Hadfield steel was investigated. Cast samples of the Hadfield steel were heat treated at 1100  C for 2 h. The samples were subsequently quenched in pure water and also in 3 wt.% NaCl salt bath. Optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to analyze microstructure and fracture surfaces. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to assess the precipitates. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine the phases formed. Mechanical properties and fatigue life were determined by uniaxial tensile test, bending fatigue and hardness measurements. Results showed that the sample quenched in salt bath had lower Mn3C precipitates, hardness, yield and tensile strengths. Instead, this situation resulted in a more ductile fracture mode and higher formability. Finally, the fatigue life of the sample quenched in salt bath was longer than the one quenched in pure water.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. S.A. Barannikova, Y. Li, A. Malinovsky, and D. Pestsov, Study of Localized Plastic Deformation of Hadfield Steel Single Crystals Using Speckle Photography Technique, Key Eng. Mater., 2016, 683, p 84–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. M. Lindroos, M. Apostol, V. Heino, K. Valtonen, A. Laukkanen, K. Holmberg, and V.T. Kuokkala, The Deformation, Strain Hardening, and Wear Behavior of Chromium-Alloyed Hadfield Steel in Abrasive and Impact Conditions, Tribol. Lett., 2015, 57, p 1–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. J.O. Agunsoye, T.S. Isaac, and A.A. Abiona, On the Comparison of Microstructure Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of High Chromium White Iron with the Hadfield Austenitic Manganese Steel, J. Miner. Mater. Charact. Eng., 2013, 1, p 24–28

    Google Scholar 

  4. W.H. Jiang, W.D. Pan, Y.L. Ren, and X.L. Han, In-situ Formation of TiC/Hadfield Steel Composites, J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1998, 17, p 1527–1529

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. M. Sabzi, A. Obeydavi, and S.H. Mousavi Anijdan, The Effect of Joint Shape Geometry on the Microstructural Evolution, Fracture Toughness, and Corrosion Behavior of the Welded Joints of a Hadfield Steel, J. Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2018.1430268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. M.B. Limooei and S.H. Hosseini, Optimization of Properties and Structure with Addition of Titanium in Hadfield Steels, Proc. Conf. Met., 2012, 2012, p 1–6

    Google Scholar 

  7. A.K. Srivastava and K. Das, In-situ Synthesis and Characterization of TiC-Reinforced Hadfield Manganese Austenitic Steel Matrix Composite, ISIJ Int., 2009, 49, p 1372–1377

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. A.K. Srivastava, K. Das, and S.K. Toor, Corrosion Behaviour of TiC-Reinforced Hadfield Manganese Austenitic Steel Matrix In-Situ Composites, Open J. Met., 2015, 5, p 11–17

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. X. Tian and Y. Zhang, Mechanism on the Effect of Al upon the γ → ε Martensite Transformation in the Fe-Mn Alloys, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 1996, 12, p 369–372

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. M. Sabzi and Dezfuli S. Mersagh, Drastic Improvement in Mechanical Properties and Weldability of 316L Stainless Steel Weld Joints by Using Electromagnetic Vibration During GTAW Process, J. Manuf. Process., 2018, 33, p 74–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. M. Sabzi and Dezfuli S. Mersagh, Post weld Heat Treatment of Hypereutectoid Hadfield Steel: Characterization and Control of Microstructure, Phase Equilibrium, Mechanical Properties and Fracture Mode of Welding Joint, J. Manuf. Process., 2018, 34, p 313–328

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. S.H. Hosseini, M.B. Limooei, M. Hossein Zade, E. Askarnia, and Z. Asadi, Optimization of Heat Treatment Due to Austenising Temperature, Time and Quenching Solution in Hadfield Steels, Int. J. Mater. Metall. Eng., 2013, 7, p 582–585

    Google Scholar 

  13. M.B. Limooei and S.H. Hosseini, Optimization of Heat Treatment in Manganese Steel by Taguchi Method, Appl. Mech. Mater., 2014, 598, p 43–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. H. Lavvafi, J.R. Lewandowski, and J.J. Lewandowski, Flex Bending Fatigue Testing of Wires, Foils, and Ribbons, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2014, 601, p 123–130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. H. Lavvafi, M.E. Lewandowski, D. Schwam, and J.J. Lewandowski, Effects of Surface Laser Treatments on Microstructure, Tension, and Fatigue Behavior of AISI, 316LVM Biomedical Wires, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2017, 688, p 101–113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. M. Schilke, J. Ahlstrom, and B. Karlsson, Low Cycle Fatigue and Deformation Behaviour of Austenitic Manganese Steel in Rolled and in As-Cast Conditions, Procedia Eng., 2010, 2, p 623–628

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. X.Y. Feng, F. Zhang, Ch. Zheng, and B. Lu, Micromechanics Behavior of Fatigue Cracks in Hadfield Steel Railway Crossing, Sci. China Technol. Sci., 2013, 56, p 1151–1154

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. A.S. Hamada, L.P. Karjalainen, and J. Puustinen, Fatigue Behavior of High-Mn TWIP Steels, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2009, 517, p 68–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. ASTM A128 / A128M-93, Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Austenitic Manganese, Vol 01.02, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2012, p 1–7

    Google Scholar 

  20. ASTM E92-82, Standard Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Materials, Vol 1, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2003, p 1–11

    Google Scholar 

  21. ASTM E8 / E8M-15a, Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials, Vol 03.01, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2015, p 1–36

    Google Scholar 

  22. DIN 50113, Rotating Bar Bending Fatigue Test, Vol 1, German Standards Organization, Berlin, 1982, p 1–56

    Google Scholar 

  23. Y.K. Lee and C.S. Choi, Driving Force for γ → ε Martensitic Transformation and Stacking Fault Energy of γ in Fe-Mn Binary System, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2000, 31, p 355–360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. S.H. Mousavi Anijdan, and M. Sabzi, The Evolution of Microstructure of an High Ni HSLA X100 Forged Steel Slab by Thermomechanical Controlled Processing, in TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition, 2018, pp. 145–156

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  25. S.H. Mousavi Anijdan, M. Sabzi, M. Roghani Zadeh, and M. Farzam, The Effect of Electroless Bath Parameters and Heat Treatment on the Properties of Ni-P and Ni-P-Cu Composite Coatings, Mater. Res., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2017-0973

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. O. Bouaziz, S. Allain, C.P. Scott, P. Cugy, and D. Barbier, High Manganese Austenitic Twinning Induced Plasticity Steels: A Review of the Microstructure Properties Relationships, Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci., 2011, 15, p 141–168

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. S.H. Mousavi Anijdan, M. Sabzi, M. Ghobeiti-Hasab, and A. Roshan-Ghiyas, Optimization of Spot Welding Process Parameters in Dissimilar Joint of Dual Phase Steel DP600 and AISI, 304 Stainless Steel to Achieve the Highest Level of Shear-Tensile Strength, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2018, 726, p 120–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. H. Jafarian, Characteristics of Nano/Ultrafine-Grained Austenitic TRIP Steel Fabricated by Accumulative Roll Bonding and Subsequent Annealing, Mater. Charact., 2017, 114, p 88–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. S.H. Mousavi Anijdan and S. Yue, The Effect of Cooling Rate, and Cool Deformation Through Strain Induced Transformation, on Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Microalloyed Steels, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2012, 43, p 1140–1162

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. S.H. Mousavi Anijdan and S. Yue, The Necessity of Dynamic Precipitation for the Occurrence of No-Recrystallization Temperature in Nb-Microalloyed Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2011, 528, p 803–807

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. M. Sabzi, S.H. Mousavi Anijdan, M. Roghani Zadeh, and M. Farzam, The Effect of Heat Treatment on Corrosion Behaviour of Ni–P–3 gr/lit Cu Nano-Composite Coating, J. Can. Metall. Q., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/00084433.2018.1444367

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. S.H. Mousavi Anijdan and S. Yue, The Effect of Cooling Rate, and Cool Deformation Through Strain-Induced Transformation, on Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Microalloyed Steels, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2012, 43, p 1140–1162

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. S. Aribo, K.K. Alaneme, D.O. Folorunso, and F.O. Aramide, Effect of Precipitation Hardening on Hardness and Microstructure of Austenitic Manganese Steel, J. Miner. Mater. Charact. Eng., 2010, 9, p 157–164

    Google Scholar 

  34. J. Kang, F.C. Zhang, X.Y. Long, and B. Lv, Cyclic Deformation and Fatigue Behaviors of Hadfield Manganese Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2014, 591, p 59–68

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. F.W. Antunes, A.G. Chegini, D. Camas, and L. Correia, Empirical Model for Plasticity-Induced Crack Closure Based on Kmax and ΔK, Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct., 2015, 38, p 983–996

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. R. Jones, Fatigue Crack Growth and Damage Tolerance, Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct., 2014, 37, p 463–483

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. K.F. Walker, C.H. Wang, and J.C. Newman, Closure Measurement and Analysis for Small Cracks from Natural Discontinuities in an Aluminium Alloy, Int. J. Fatigue, 2016, 82, p 256–262

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. R.C. Alderliesten, How Proper Similitude Can Improve Our Understanding of Crack Closure and Plasticity in Fatigue, Int. J. Fatigue, 2016, 82, p 263–273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. C. Gardin, S. Fiordalisi, Ch. Sarrazin-Baudoux, M. Gueguen, and J. Petit, Numerical Prediction of Crack Front Shape During Fatigue Propagation Considering Plasticity-Induced Crack Closure, Int. J. Fatigue, 2016, 88, p 68–77

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. W. Qiu, Z. Hea, Y.N. Fan, H.J. Shi, and J. Gu, Effects of Secondary Orientation on Crack Closure Behavior of Nickel-Based Single Crystal Superalloys, Int. J. Fatigue, 2016, 83, p 335–343

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. R. Sunder, A. Andronik, A. Biakov, A. Eremin, S. Panin, and A. Savkin, Combined Action of Crack Closure and Residual Stress Under Periodic Overloads: A Fractographic Analysis, Int. J. Fatigue, 2016, 82, p 667–675

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. C. Fischer, Ch. Schweizer, and T. Seifert, Assessment of Fatigue Crack Closure Under In-Phase and Out-of-Phase Thermomechanical Fatigue Loading Using a Temperature Dependent Strip Yield Model, Int. J. Fatigue, 2015, 78, p 22–30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. D.F. Martelo, A. Mateo, and M.D. Chapetti, Crack Closure and Fatigue Crack Growth Near Threshold of a Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steel, Int. J. Fatigue, 2015, 77, p 64–77

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. F.V. Antunes, A.G. Chegini, R. Branco, and D. Camas, A Numerical Study of Plasticity Induced Crack Closure Under Plane Strain Conditions, Int. J. Fatigue, 2015, 71, p 75–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. M.J. Donough, A.J. Gunnion, A.C. Orific, and C.H. Wang, Plasticity Induced Crack Closure in Adhesively Bonded Joints Under Fatigue Loading, Int. J. Fatigue, 2015, 70, p 440–450

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. H. Mousavi Anijdan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mousavi Anijdan, S.H., Sabzi, M. The Effect of Heat Treatment Process Parameters on Mechanical Properties, Precipitation, Fatigue Life, and Fracture Mode of an Austenitic Mn Hadfield Steel. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 27, 5246–5253 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-018-3625-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-018-3625-y

Keywords

Navigation