Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance

, Volume 27, Issue 4, pp 1812–1824 | Cite as

Constitutive Behavior and Processing Map of T2 Pure Copper Deformed from 293 to 1073 K

  • Ying Liu
  • Wei Xiong
  • Qing Yang
  • Ji-Wei Zeng
  • Wen Zhu
  • Goel Sunkulp
Article
First Online:
Received:
Revised:
  • 68 Downloads

Abstract

The deformation behavior of T2 pure copper compressed from 293 to 1073 K with strain rates from 0.01 to 10 s−1 was investigated. The constitutive equations were established by the Arrhenius constitutive model, which can be expressed as a piecewise function of temperature with two sections, in the ranges 293-723 K and 723-1073 K. The processing maps were established according to the dynamic material model for strains of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8, and the optimal processing parameters of T2 copper were determined accordingly. In order to obtain a better understanding of the deformation behavior, the microstructures of the compressed samples were studied by electron back-scattered diffraction. The grains tend to be more refined with decreases in temperature and increases in strain rate.

Keywords

constitutive equation deformation behavior dynamic material model microstructure processing map T2 pure copper 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access

Notes

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Open Research Fund of Science and Technology on High Strength Structural Materials Laboratory under Grant No. O2016006 and the Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 51304123. TEM experiment was performed at the Materials Characterization Facility of Nanjing University of Science and Technology.

References

  1. 1.
    H. Wu, S.P. Wen, H. Huang et al., Hot Deformation Behavior and Constitutive Equation of a New Type Al-Zn-Mg-Er-Zr Alloy During Isothermal Compression, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 651, p 415–424CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    G.R. Johnson and W. H. Cook. A Constitutive Model and Data for Metals Subjected to Large Strains, High Strain Rates and High Temperatures, in Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Ballistics (Den Haag, The Netherlands, 1983), pp. 541–543Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    A.S. Khan and S. Huang, Experimental and Theoretical Study of Mechanical Behavior of 1100 Aluminum in the Strain Rate Range 10−5-104 S−1, Int. J. Plast., 1998, 8, p 297–424Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    A.S. Khan, H.Y. Zhang, and L. Takacs, Mechanical Response and Modeling of Fully Compacted Nanocrystalline Iron and Copper, Int. J. Plast., 2000, 16, p 1459–1476CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    A. Molinari and G. Ravichandran, Constitutive Modeling of High-Strain-Rate Deformation in Metals Based on the Evolution of an Effective Microstructural Length, Mech. Mater., 2005, 37, p 737–752CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    C. Zener and H. Hollomon, Effect of Strain Rate Upon Plastic Flow of Steel, J. Appl. Phys., 1944, 15, p 22–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    C.M. Sellars, On the Mechanism of Hot Deformation, Acta Mater., 1966, 14, p 1136–1138CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    J. Jonas, C.M. Sellars, and W.J.M. Tegart, Strength and Structure Under Hot-Working Conditions, Int. Mater. Rev., 1969, 14, p 1–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    H. Shi, A.J. Mclaren, C.M. Sellars et al., Constitutive Equations for High Temperature Flow Stress of Aluminium Alloys, Mater. Sci. Technol., 1997, 13, p 210–216CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Y.C. Lin, M.S. Chen, and J. Zhang, Prediction of 42CrMo Steel Flow Stress at High Temperature and Strain Rate, Mech. Res. Commun., 2008, 35, p 142–150CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    A. Rusinek and J.R. Klepaczko, Shear Testing of a Sheet Steel at Wide Range of Strain Rates and a Constitutive Relation with Strain-Rate and Temperature Dependence of the Flow Stress, Int. J. Plast., 2001, 17, p 87–115CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    R.L. Goetz and V. Seetharaman, Modeling Dynamic Recrystallization Using Cellular Automaton, Scr. Mater., 1998, 38, p 405–413CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    H. Sheikh and S. Serajzadeh, Estimation of Flow Stress Behavior of AA5083 Using Artificial Neural Networks with Regard to Dynamic Strain Ageing Effect, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2008, 196, p 115–119CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    G.Z. Quan, Y. Tong, G. Luo et al., A Characterization for the Flow Behavior of 42CrMo Steel, Comput. Mater. Sci., 2010, 50, p 167–171CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    H.R.R. Ashtiani, M.H. Parsa, and H. Bisadi, Constitutive Equations for Elevated Temperature Flow Behavior of Commercial Purity Aluminum, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2012, 545, p 61–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    J.B. Li, Y. Liu, Y. Wang et al., Constitutive Equation and Processing Map for Hot Compressed as-Cast Ti-43Al-4Nb-1.4W-0.6B Alloy, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2013, 23(11), p 3383–3391CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    A. He, X.T. Wang, G.L. Xie et al., Modified Arrhenius-Type Constitutive Model and Artificial Neural Network-Based Model for Constitutive Relationship of 316LN Stainless Steel During Hot Deformation, J. Iron. Steel Res. Int., 2015, 22(8), p 721–729CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    C.S. Zhang, J. Ding, Y.Y. Dong et al., Identification of Friction Coefficients and Strain-Compensated Arrhenius-Type Constitutive Model by a Two-Stage Inverse Analysis Technique, Int. J. Mech. Sci., 2015, 98, p 195–204CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    L.Y. Qian, G. Fang, P. Zeng et al., Correction of Flow Stress and Determination of Constitutive Constants for Hot Working of API, X100 Pipeline Steel, Int. J. Press. Vessels Pip., 2015, 132–133, p 43–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Z.W. Cai, F.X. Chen, and J.Q. Guo, Constitutive Model for Elevated Temperature Flow Stress of AZ41M Magnesium Alloy Considering the Compensation of Strain, J. Alloys Compd., 2015, 648, p 215–222CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    A.K. Shukla, S.V.S.N. Murty, S.C. Sharma et al., Constitutive Modeling of Hot Deformation Behavior of Vacuum Hot Pressed Cu-8Cr-4Nb Alloy, Mater. Des., 2015, 75, p 57–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Y.V.R.K. Prasad, H.L. Gegel, S.M. Doraivelu et al., Modeling of Dynamic Material Behavior in Hot Deformation: Forging of Ti-6242, Metall. Trans. A, 1984, 15(10), p 1883–1892CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    F. Zhang, J.L. Sun, J. Shen et al., Flow Behavior and Processing Maps of 2099 Alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2014, 613, p 141–147CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Y.C. Lin, L.T. Li, Y.C. Xia et al., Hot Deformation and Processing Map of a Typical Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy, J. Alloys Compd., 2013, 550, p 438–445CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    H.C. Liao, Y.N. Wu, K.X. Zhou et al., Hot Deformation Behavior and Processing Map of Al-Si-Mg Alloys Containing Different Amount of Silicon Based on Gleeble-3500 Hot Compression Simulation, Mater. Des., 2015, 65, p 1091–1099CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    S. Wang, L.G. Hou, J.R. Luo et al., Characterization of Hot Workability in AA 7050 Aluminum Alloy Using Activation Energy and 3-D Processing Map, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2015, 225, p 110–121CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    G.L. Ji, Q. Li, K.Y. Ding et al., A Physically-Based Constitutive Model for High Temperature Deformation of Cu-0.36Cr-0.03Zr Alloy, J. Alloy. Compd., 2015, 648, p 397–407CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    G.L. Ji, Q. Li, and L. Li, A Physical-Based Constitutive Relation to Predict Flow Stress for Cu-0.4Mg Alloy During Hot Working, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2014, 615, p 247–254CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    L. Zhen, H. Hu, X.Y. Wang et al., Distribution Characterization of Boundary Misorientation Angle of 7050 Aluminum Alloy After High-Temperature Compression, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2009, 209, p 754–761CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    S.Y. Chen, K.H. Chen, G.S. Peng et al., Effect of Heat Treatment on Hot Deformation Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of 7085 Aluminum Alloy, J. Alloy. Compd., 2012, 537, p 338–345CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    W.Y. Liu, H. Zhao, D. Li et al., Hot Deformation Behavior of AA7085 Aluminum Alloy During Isothermal Compression at Elevated Temperature, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2014, 596, p 176–182CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    C. Zhang, L.W. Zhang, W.F. Shen et al., Study on Constitutive Modeling and Processing Maps for Hot Deformation of Medium Carbon Cr-Ni-Mo Alloyed Steel, Mater. Des., 2016, 90, p 804–814CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    J.L. Liu, W.D. Zeng, Y.J. Lai et al., Constitutive Model of Ti17 Titanium Alloy with Lamellar-Type Initial Microstructure During Hot Deformation Based on Orthogonal Analysis, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2014, 597, p 387–394CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.
    Y.Y. Dong, C.S. Zhang, G.Q. Zhao et al., Constitutive Equation and Processing Maps of an Al-Mg-Si Aluminum Alloy: Determination and Application in Simulating Extrusion Process of Complex Profiles, Mater. Des., 2016, 92, p 983–997CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© ASM International 2018

Authors and Affiliations

  • Ying Liu
    • 1
  • Wei Xiong
    • 1
  • Qing Yang
    • 1
  • Ji-Wei Zeng
    • 1
  • Wen Zhu
    • 2
  • Goel Sunkulp
    • 3
  1. 1.School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjingChina
  2. 2.Suzhou Nonferrous Metals Research InstituteSuzhouChina
  3. 3.Herbert Gleiter Institute of NanoscienceNanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjingChina

Personalised recommendations