Abstract
Ti and its alloys are widely used in manufacturing orthopedic implants as prostheses for joint replacement because of their high corrosion resistance and excellent biocompatibility. However, they lack in bone-bonding ability and leads to higher rate of osteolysis and subsequent loosening of implants. In order to enhance the bone-bonding ability of these alloys, various surface-modification techniques are generally employed. The present investigation is mainly concerned with the surface modification of Cp-Ti and Ti-5Al-2Nb-1Ta alloy using a mixture of alkali and hydrogen peroxide followed by subsequent heat treatment to produce a porous gel layer with anatase structure, which enhances osseointegration. The morphological behavior was examined by x-ray diffractometer (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX). The in vitro characterization of all the specimens was evaluated by immersing the specimens in simulated body fluid solution to assess the apatite formation over the metal surface. The apatite formation was confirmed by XRD, SEM-EDX, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Further, the electrochemical corrosion behaviors of both the untreated and treated specimens were evaluated using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results revealed that the surface-modified and heat-treated specimens exhibited higher corrosion resistance and excellent biocompatibility when compared to the chemical and untreated specimens.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
C. Sitting, M. Textor, N.D. Spencer, M. Wieland, and P.H. Vallotton, Surface Characterization, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 1999, 10, p 35–46
M. Niinomi, D. Kuroda, K. Fukunaga, M. Morinaga, Y. Kato, T. Yashiro, and A. Suzuki, Corrosion Wear Fracture of New Beta Type Biomedical Ti Alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1999, 263, p 193–199
Y. Okazaki, Effect of Friction on Anodic Polarization Properties of Metallic Biomaterials, Biomaterials, 2002, 23, p 2071–2077
M.A. Khan, R.L. Williams, and D.F. Williams, Conjoint Corrosion and Wear in Ti Alloys, Biomaterials, 1999, 20, p 765–772
M.A. Khan, R.L. Williams, and D.F. Williams, In Vitro Corrosion and Wear in Ti Alloys in Biological Environments, Biomaterials, 1996, 17, p 2117–2126
M.A. Khan, R.L. Williams, and D.F. Williams, The Corrosion Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-6Al-7Nb and Ti-13Nb-13Zr in Protein Solutions, Biomaterials, 1999, 20, p 631–637
M.F. Semlitsch, H. Weber, R.M. Streicher, and R. Schon, Joint Replacement Components Made of Hot-Forged and Surface-Treated Ti-6Al-7Nb Alloy, Biomaterials, 1992, 13, p 781–788
K. Wang, The Use of Ti for Medical Applications in the USA, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1996, 213, p 134–137
M. Niinomi, Mechanical Properties of Biomedical Ti Alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1998, 243, p 231–236
R.G. Vardiman and R.A. Kent, Improvement of Fatigue Life of Ti-6Al-4V by Ion Implantation, J. Appl. Phys., 1982, 53, p 690–694
J. Hongbing, L. Xia, M. Xinxin, and Y. Sun, Tribological Performance of Ti-6Al-4V Plasma Based Ion Implanted with Nitrogen, Wear, 2000, 246, p 40–45
K.T. Rie and Th. Lampe, Proceedings of the International Conference on Surface Modification of Metals by Ion Beams, Mater. Sci. Eng., 1985, 69, p 473–481
C. Ohtsuki, H. Iida, S. Hayakawa, and A. Osaka, Bioactivity of Ti Treated with Hydrogen Peroxide Solutions Containing Metal Chlorides, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 1997, 35, p 39–47
H.B. Wen, J.G. Wolke, J.R. Wijn, Q. Liu, F.Z. Cui, and K. de Groot, Fast Precipitation of Calcium Phosphate Layers on Ti Induced by Simple Chemical Treatments, Biomaterials, 1997, 18, p 1471–1478
T. Kokubo, F. Miyaji, and H.M. Kim, Spontaneous Formation of Bone Like Apatite Layer on Chemically Treated Ti Metals, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1996, 4, p 1127–1129
Y. Sasikumar, M. Karthega, and N. Rajendran, In Vitro Bioactivity of Surface-Modified β-Ti Alloy for Biomedical Applications, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2011, 20, p 1271–1277
S. Tamilselvi and N. Rajendran, In Vitro Corrosion Behavior of Ti-5Al-2Nb-1Ta Alloy in Hanks Solution, Mater. Corros., 2007, 58, p 285–289
S. Tamilselvi, V. Raman, and N. Rajendran, Evaluation of Corrosion Behavior of Surface-Modified Ti-6Al-4V ELI, Alloy in Hanks Solution, J. Appl. Electrochem., 2010, 40(2), p 285–293
S. Tamilselvi, V. Raman, and N. Rajendran, Surface Modification of Ti by Chemical and Thermal Methods—Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopic Studies, Corros. Eng. Sci. Technol., 2010, doi:10.1179/147842209X12590591256936
M. Karthega, S. Nagarajan, and N. Rajendran, In Vitro Studies of Hydrogen Peroxide Treated Ti for Biomedical Applications, Electrochim. Acta, 2010, 55, p 2201–2209
T. Kokubo and H. Takadama, How Useful is SBF in Predicting In Vivo Bone Bioactivity, Biomaterials, 2005, 27, p 2907–2915
Y. Zhou, Y.B. Wang, E.W. Zhang, Y. Cheng, X.L. Xiong, Y.F. Zheng, and S.C. Wei, Alkali Heat Treatment of a Low Modulus Biomedical Ti-27Nb Alloy, Biomed. Mater., 2009, 4, p 044108–044111
J.-H. Yi, C. Bernard, F. Variola, S.F. Zalzal, J.D. Wuest, F. Rosei, and A. Nanci, Characterization of a Bioactive Nanotextured Surface Created by Controlled Chemical Oxidation of Titanium, Surf. Sci., 2006, 600, p 4613–4621
N. Chosa, M. Taira, S. Saitoh, N. Sato, and Y. Araki, Characterization of Apatite Formed on Alkaline Heat-Treated Ti, J. Dent. Res., 2004, 83, p 465–469
T. Lindgren, J.H. Muabora, E. Avendeno, J. Jonsson, A. Hoel, C.G. Granquist, and S.E. Lindquist, Photo Electrochemical and Optical Properties of Nitrogen Doped Ti Dioxide Films Prepared by Reactive DC Magnetron Sputtering, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2003, 107, p 5709–5716
L.L. Hench, Medical Materials for the Next Millennium, Mater. Res. Soc., 1999, 24, p 13–19
T. Kokubo, H. Kushitani, S. Sakka, T. Kitsugi, and T. Yamamuro, Solutions Able to Reproduce In-Vivo Surface Structure Changes in Bioactive Glass-Ceramics, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 1990, 24, p 721–734
S. Koutsopoulos, Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Crystals: A Review Study on the Analytical Methods, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 2002, 62, p 600–612
F. Liang, L. Zhou, and K. Wang, Apatite Formation on Porous Ti by Alkali and Heat-Treatment, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2003, 165, p 133–139
F. Liang, L. Zhou, and K. Wang, Enhancement of the Bioactivity of Alkali-Heat Treated Ti by Pre-Calcification, J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 2003, 22, p 1665–1669
F.H. Lin, Y.S. Hsu, S.H. Lin, and T.M. Chen, The Growth of Hydroxyapatite on Alkaline Treated Ti-6Al-4V Soaking in Higher Temperature with Concentrated Ca2+/HPO4 2− Simulated Body Fluid, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2004, 87, p 24–30
H. Takadama, H.M. Kim, T. Kokubo, and T. Nakamura, An X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of the Process of Apatite Formation on Bioactive Ti Metal, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 2001, 55, p 185–193
P. Shi, F. Geng, and F.T. Cheng, Preparation of Titania-Hydroxyapatite Coating on NiTi via a Low Temperature Route, Mater. Lett., 2006, 60, p 1996–1999
S. Assis, S. Wolynee, and I. Costa, Corrosion Characterization of Ti Alloys by Electrochemical Techniques, Electrochim. Acta, 2006, 51, p 1815–1819
A.W.E. Hodgson, Y. Mueller, D. Forster, and S. Virtanen, Electrochim. Acta, 2002, 47, p 1913–1923
A.K. Shukla and R. Balasubramaniam, Effect of Surface Treatment on Electrochemical Behaviour of Cp-Ti, Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-13Nb-13Zr Alloys in Simulated Human Body Fluid, Corros. Sci., 2005, 48, p 1696–1720
J.E.G. Gonzalez and J.C. Mirza Rosca, Study of the Corrosion Behavior of Ti and Its Alloys for Biomedical and Dental Implant Applications, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1999, 471, p 109–115
C.X. Wang, M. Wang, and X. Zhou, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Study of the Nucleation and Growth of Apatite on Chemically Treated Ti, Langmuir, 2002, 18, p 7641–7647
Acknowledgment
One of the authors, Y. Sasikumar, acknowledges the financial support received from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sasikumar, Y., Rajendran, N. Surface Modification and In Vitro Characterization of Cp-Ti and Ti-5Al-2Nb-1Ta Alloy in Simulated Body Fluid. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 21, 2177–2187 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-012-0143-1
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-012-0143-1