Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sliding Wear Behavior of Cast Iron: Influence of MoS2 and Graphite Addition to the Oil Lubricant

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present study discusses sliding wear characteristics of a gray cast iron over a range of applied loads in oil lubricated condition. Effects of MoS2 and graphite addition to the oil lubricant in governing the wear behavior have also been studied. The wear rate increased with load in general with a few exceptions in the case of oil plus 5% MoS2 wherein it had a tendency to show a reverse trend in the intermediate load range. Addition of 5% graphite to the oil brought about a decrease in the wear rate without affecting seizure resistance. Increasing quantity of graphite in the oil from 5 to 10% practically did not affect the wear rate at lower loads. However, it led to significantly lower wear rates at higher loads and also offered higher seizure resistance. In the case of oil plus 5% MoS2 lubricant mixture, the wear rate of the samples was higher than that of the lubricant with 5% graphite when tests were conducted at lower loads while identical response was observed at higher loads in both cases. Seizure resistance of the samples was not affected by the addition of 5% graphite and MoS2 to the oil. The frictional heating also increased with load in general, except in the case of oil containing 5% MoS2 and 10% graphite wherein it remained practically unaffected in the intermediate load range. The presence of 5% graphite and MoS2 in the oil lubricant brought about reduced frictional heating, except in the case of oil plus 5% graphite mixture wherein the trend reversed, and oil plus 5% MoS2 leading to comparable frictional heating during specimen seizure. Increasing test duration caused higher frictional heating. Adhesion was observed to be the principal wear mechanism while microcracking assisted delamination and abrasion also contributed to material loss.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. C.V. White, Gray Iron, Metals Handbook: Properties, Selection: Irons, Steels, High Performance Materials, Vol. 1, 10th ed., ASM, Materials Park, Ohio, USA, 1990, p 12–32

  2. Y. Zhang, Y. Chen, R. He, and B. Shen, Investigation of Tribological Properties of Brake Shoe Materials—Phosphorous Cast Irons with Different Graphite Morphologies, Wear, 1993, 166, p 179–186

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. T.S. Eyre, Friction, Wear of Cast Irons, Metals Handbook: Friction, Lubrication, Wear Technology, Vol. 10, 18th ed., ASM, Materials Park, Ohio, USA, 1992, p 695–701

  4. M. Yazun, Z. Wancheng, L. Shengna, J. Yuansheng, W. Yuscong, and T.C. Simon, Tribological Performance of Three Advanced Piston Rings in the Presence of MoDTC-Modified GF-3 Oils, Tribol. Lett., 2005, 18, p 75–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. F.J. Clauss, Solid Lubricants and Self-Lubricating Solids, Chapter 5, Handbook of Tribology, B. Bhushan and B.K. Gupta, Ed., McGraw Hill Inc., USA, 1991, p 5.1–5.86.

  6. R.H. Boehringer, Grease, Metals Handbook: Friction, Lubrication, Wear Technology, Vol. 10, 18th ed., ASM, Materials Park, Ohio, USA, 1992, p 123–131

  7. S.Q.A. Rizvi, Lubricant Additives and Their Functions, Metals Handbook: Friction, Lubrication, Wear Technology, Vol 10, 18th ed., ASM, Materials Park, Ohio, USA, 1992, p 98–112

  8. B.K. Prasad and O.P. Modi, Sliding Wear Response of Zinc-Based Alloy as Affected by Suspended Solid Lubricant Particles in Oil Lubricant, Tribol. Mater. Surf. Interfaces, 2008, 2, p 84–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. B.K. Prasad, Lubricated Sliding Wear Behaviour of a Cast Iron: Effect of Graphite and/or Talc Fraction in Oil, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2010, 19, p 413–420

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. F. Wilson and T.S. Eyre, Addition of Graphite Particles to Oil Lubricants, Lubr. Eng., 1973, 29, p 65–72

    Google Scholar 

  11. T.H.C. Childs and F. Sabbagh, Boundary-Lubricated Wear of Cast Irons to Simulate Automotive Piston Ring Wear Rates, Wear, 1989, 134, p 81–97

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. B.K. Prasad, Effectiveness of an Externally Added Solid Lubricant on the Sliding Wear Response of a Zinc–Aluminium Alloy, its Composite and Cast Iron, Tribol. Lett., 2005, 18, p 135–143

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. J. Gansheimer and R. Holinski, Molybdenum Disulfide in Oils and Greases Under Boundary Lubrication, Trans. ASME J. Lubr. Technol., 1973, 95, p 242–248

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. B.K. Gupta and B. Bhushan, Fullerene Particles as an Additive to Liquid Lubricants and Greases for Low Friction and Wear, Lubr. Eng., 1994, 50, p 524–528

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. S. Qiu, Z. Zhou, J. Dong, and G. Chen, Preparation of Ni Nanoparticles and Evaluation of their Tribological Performance as Potential Additives in Oils, Trans. ASME J. Tribol., 2001, 123, p 441–443

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. G. Liu, X. Li, N. Lu, and R. Fan, Enhancing AW/EP Property of Lubricant Oil by Adding Nano Al/Sn Particles, Tribol. Lett., 2005, 18, p 85–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. L. Rapoport, V. Leshchinsky, I. Lapsker, Yu. Volovik, O. Nepomnyashchy, M. Lvovsky, R. Popovitz-Biro, Y. Feldman, and R. Tenne, Tribological Properties of WS2 Nanoparticles Under Mixed Lubrication, Wear, 2003, 255, p 785–793

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. US Patent No. 1714565 (1927) to W. Koehler, US Patent No. 2156803 (1934) to H.S. Cooper and V.R. Damuet, US Patent No. 2284785 (1939) to J.E. Wikey

  19. W.O. Winer, Molybdenum Disulfide as a Lubricant: A Review of the Fundamental Knowledge, Wear, 1967, 10, p 422–452

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. A.A. Elsharkawy, Effects of Lubricant Additives on the Performance of Hydrodynamically Lubricated Journal Bearings, Tribol. Lett., 2005, 18, p 63–73

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. R.B. Rastogi and M. Yadav, Suspension of Molybdenum–Sulphur Complexes in Paraffin Oil as Extreme Pressure Lubricants, Tribol. Int., 2003, 36, p 511–516

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. T. Hisakado, T. Tsukizoe, and H. Yoshikawa, Lubrication Mechanism of Solid Lubricants in Oils, Trans. ASME J. Lubr. Technol., 1983, 105, p 245–253

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. B.K. Prasad, Sliding Wear Characteristics of a Gray Cast Iron as Influenced by the Sliding Speed, Load and Environment, Tribol. Mater. Surf. Interfaces, 2008, 2, p 128–138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. B.K. Prasad, Sliding wear behaviour of a cast iron as affected by test environment and applied load, Ind. Lubri. Tribol., 2009, 61, p 161–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. B.K. Prasad, Influence of Suspended Talc Particles in Oil and Nature of Material Microconstituents on Sliding Wear Characteristics of Cast Iron and Zinc-Based Alloy, Can. Metall. Q., 2009, 48, p 455–464

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. B.K. Prasad, Sliding Wear Response of Cast Iron as Influenced by Microstructural Features and Test Condition, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2007, 456A, p 373–385

    Google Scholar 

  27. B.K. Prasad, Sliding Wear Response of Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron as Influenced by Applied Pressure, Sliding Speed and Test Environment, Can. Metall. Q., 2008, 47, p 495–507

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. B.K. Prasad, Sliding Wear Response of a Cast Iron Under Varying Test Environments and Traversal Speed and Pressure Conditions, Wear, 2006, 260, p 1333–1341

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. P.K.D. Poddar and M. Chaudhuri, Chapter 2, Natural Minerals, Handbook of Ceramics, S. Kumar, Ed., Kumar and Associates Publishers, Calcutta, 1994, p 53–104

    Google Scholar 

  30. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Graphite, http://en.wikipedia.org

  31. P.J. Bryant, P.L. Gutshall, and L.H. Taylor, A Study of Mechanisms of Graphite Friction and Wear, Wear, 1964, 7, p 118–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. R.H. Savage, Graphite Lubrication, J. Appl. Phys., 1948, 19, p 1–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. H.E. Sliney, Solid Lubricants, Metals Handbook: Friction, Lubrication, Wear Technology, Vol. 10, 18th ed., ASM, Materials Park, Ohio, USA, 1992, p 113–122

  34. Y. Lakhtin, Chapter 1, Crystal Structure of Metals, Engineering Physical Metallurgy, 1st ed., Mir Publishers, Moscow, 1963, p 11–24

  35. A.F. Wells, Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  36. T. Bartels, Lubricants and Lubrication, Ullman’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley VCH, Weinheim, 2002

    Google Scholar 

  37. P.K. Rohatgi, R. Asthana, and S. Das, Solidification, Structures, and Properties of Cast Metal-Ceramic Particle Composites, Int. Met. Rev., 1986, 31, p 115–139

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. P.K. Rohatgi, S. Ray, and Y. Liu, Tribological Properties of Metal Matrix-Graphite Particle Composites, Int. Mater. Rev., 1992, 37, p 129–152

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. G. Rowe, Some Observations on the Frictional Behaviour of Boron Nitride and of Graphite, Wear, 1960, 3, p 274–285

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. B.S. Mazumdar, A.H. Yegneswaran, and P.K. Rohatgi, Strength and Fracture Behaviour of Metal Matrix Particulate Composites, Mater. Sci. Eng., 1984, 68, p 85–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. B.K. Prasad and S. Das, The Significance of Matrix Microstructure on the Solid Lubrication Characteristics of Graphite in Aluminium Alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1991, 144A, p 229–235

    Google Scholar 

  42. B.K. Prasad, A.K. Patwardhan, and A.H. Yegneswaran, Microstructure and Property Characterization of a Modified Zinc-Based Alloy and Comparison with Bearing Alloys, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 1998, 7, p 130–135

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. B.K. Prasad, A.K. Patwardhan, and A.H. Yegneswaran, Factors Controlling the Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of a Leaded-Tin Bronze, Mater. Sci. Technol., 1996, 12, p 427–435

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. S. Das, S.V. Prasad, and T.R. Ramachandran, Tribology of Al–Si Alloy-Graphite Composites: Triboinduced Graphite Films and the Role of Silicon Morphology, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1991, 138A, p 123–132

    Google Scholar 

  45. B.K. Prasad, A.K. Patwardhan, and A.H. Yegneswaran, Wear Characteristics of a Zinc-Based Alloy Compared with a Conventional Bearing Bronze Under Mixed Lubrication Condition: Effects of Material and Test Parameters, Can. Met. Q., 2001, 40, p 193–210

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. M.H. Cho, S.J. Kim, R.H. Basch, J.W. Fash, and H. Jang, Tribological Study of Gray Cast Iron with Automotive Brake Linings: The Effect of Rotor Microstructure, Tribol. Int., 2003, 36, p 537–545

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. A. Rac, Influence of Load and Speed on Wear Characteristics of Grey Cast Iron in Dry Sliding—Selection for Minimum Wear, Tribol. Int., 1985, 18, p 29–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. E. Takeuchi, The Mechanism of Wear of Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron in Dry Sliding, Wear, 1972, 19, p 267–276

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. E. Takeuchi, The Mechanisms of Wear of Cast Iron in Dry Sliding, Wear, 1968, 11, p 201–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. R.S. Montgomery, The Mild Wear Mechanism of Nodular Iron, Wear, 1969, 13, p 337–343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Y.S. Lerner, Wear Resistance of Ductile Irons, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 1994, 3, p 403–408

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. L. Fang, Y. Gao, L. Zhou, and P. Li, Unlubricated Sliding Wear of Ceramics Against Graphitized Cast Irons, Wear, 1994, 171, p 129–134

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. F. Wilson and T.S. Eyre, Effect of Matrix Structure and Hardness on the Wear Characteristics of an S.G. Cast Iron, Wear, 1969, 14, p 107–117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. J.H. Zhu, P.K. Liaw, J.M. Corum, J.G.R. Hansen, and J.A. Cornie, Damage Mechanisms in a Cast Ductile Iron and a Al2O3p /Al Composite, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1998, 29A, p 2855–2862

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. A.K. Jha, B.K. Prasad, O.P. Modi, S. Das, and A.H. Yegneswaran, Correlating Microstructural Features and Mechanical Properties with Abrasion Resistance of a High Strength Low Alloy Steel, Wear, 2003, 254, p 120–128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. M.V. Rayiko and N.F. Dmytrychenko, Some Aspects of Boundary Lubrication in the Local Contact of Friction Surfaces, Wear, 1988, 126, p 69–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. O.P. Modi, B.K. Prasad, A.H. Yegneswaran, and M.L. Vaidya, Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Squeeze Cast Aluminium Alloy-Silicon Carbide Composites, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1992, 151A, p 235–245

    Google Scholar 

  58. F.E. Kennedy, Jr., Thermal and Thermomechanical Effects in Dry Sliding, Wear, 1984, 100, p 453–476

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. L.H. Chen and D.A. Rigney, Transfer During Unlubricated Sliding Wear of Selected Metal Systems, Wear, 1985, 105, p 47–61

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. D.A. Rigney, L.H. Chen, M.G.S. Naylor, and A.R. Rosenfield, Wear Processes in Sliding Systems, Wear, 1984, 100, p 195–219

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. B.K. Prasad and S.V. Prasad, Microstructural Changes During Low-Stress Abrasion of a Plain Carbon (0.5% C) Steel, Wear, 1991, 151, p 1–12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. B.R. Newcomb and W.M. Stobbs, A Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of the White Etching Layer on a Rail Head, Mater. Sci. Eng., 1984, 66, p 195–204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. J. Larsen-Badse and K.G. Mathew, Influence of Structure on the Abrasion Resistance of 1040 Steel, Wear, 1969, 14, p 199–205

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (CSIR), Bhopal, 462064, India

    B. K. Prasad, S. Rathod, M. S. Yadav & O. P. Modi

Authors
  1. B. K. Prasad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. S. Rathod
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. S. Yadav
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. O. P. Modi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to B. K. Prasad.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Prasad, B.K., Rathod, S., Yadav, M.S. et al. Sliding Wear Behavior of Cast Iron: Influence of MoS2 and Graphite Addition to the Oil Lubricant. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 20, 445–455 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-010-9689-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-010-9689-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation