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Green-Mediated Synthesis of Co3O4 Nanostructures for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction and Supercapacitor Applications

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Abstract

A simple, scalable, and environmentally friendly process was demonstrated for the synthesis of Co3O4 nanostructures using lemon juice and hydrothermal chemistry. The reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents in lemon juice result in improved performance in oxygen evolution reactions and supercapacitors due to their positive effects on morphology, crystal size, and surface defects. Several techniques were used to characterize Co3O4 nanostructures grown with different quantities of lemon juice, including field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction. The results show that lemon juice alters the size and homogeneity of Co3O4 nanostructures as well as surface defects like oxygen vacancies and interstitial Co. A sample prepared with 4 mL of lemon juice (sample 1) performed best, demonstrating an overpotential of 260 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and good stability at 20 mA cm−2 for 40 h. With the prepared nanomaterial, supercapacitors were developed with a specific capacitance of 398 F g−1 at 0.8 A g−1, a specific capacity retention percentage of 97%, a high energy density of 9.5 Wh kg−1, and excellent stability during 880 galvanic charge and discharge cycles. Co3O4 nanostructures have experienced dramatic improvements in electrochemical performance as a result of morphological changes and oxygen vacancy concentrations on their surfaces. By reducing, capping, and stabilizing lemon juice, a new generation of electroactive electrodes have been developed for storage and conversion of energy.

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Data and Code Availability

The authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper and there is no code associated to the data presented in the manuscript.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the Higher Education Commission Pakistan for partial support under the project NRPU/8350/8330. We also extend our sincere appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSP2024R79) at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and Ajman University, Grants ID: DRG ref. 2023-IRG-HBS-2 (RESHUSC-001), RTG-2023-HBS-1 (Phase 1). This publication is part of the R&D project PID2021-126235OB-C32 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ and FEDER funds.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Physics, University of Sindh Jamshoro, Jamshoro, Sindh, 76080, Pakistan

    Adeel Liaquat Bhatti, Imran Ali Halepoto, Shusheel Kumar & Zaheer Ahmed Ujjan

  2. Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh Jamshoro, Jamshoro, Sindh, 76080, Pakistan

    Zafar Hussain Ibupoto

  3. Institute of Chemistry, Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur Mirs, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan

    Aneela Tahira

  4. Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Crystallography and Mineralogy (Unidad Asociada al ICP-CSIC), Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain

    Antonia Infantes-Molin

  5. Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Ayman Nafady

  6. Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Campus of Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy

    Matteo Tonezzer

  7. College of Humanities and Science, Mathematics and Sciences Department, Ajman University, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, UAE

    Elmuez Dawi

  8. Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research Centre, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, UAE

    Akram Ashames

  9. Biomolecular Science, Earth and life Science, Amsterdam University, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Lama Saleem

  10. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Via Mersin 10, Nicosia, North Cyprus

    Nemah Abu Shama

Authors
  1. Adeel Liaquat Bhatti
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  2. Aneela Tahira
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  3. Imran Ali Halepoto
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  4. Shusheel Kumar
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  5. Zaheer Ahmed Ujjan
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  6. Ayman Nafady
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  7. Nemah Abu Shama
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  8. Elmuez Dawi
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  9. Akram Ashames
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  10. Lama Saleem
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  11. Matteo Tonezzer
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  12. Antonia Infantes-Molin
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  13. Zafar Hussain Ibupoto
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Contributions

ALB performed material synthesis and participated in the functional studies. TA performed XRD analysis and drafted the report. IAH validated the structural and OER results and edited the final draft. SK performed OER studies. ZAU calculated supercapacitor applications. AN partially supervised the work. NAS validated the supercapacitor data. ED edited and analyzed the OER results. AA performed the EDS analysis and pre-reviewed the manuscript draft. LS performed EIS analysis and wrote the draft. AK performed SEM and EDS measurements. MT calculated the ECSA and proofread the draft. AI-M carried out XPS measurements and analyzed the data. ZHI served as the main supervisor and wrote the first draft of the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Elmuez Dawi or Zafar Hussain Ibupoto.

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Bhatti, A.L., Tahira, A., Halepoto, I.A. et al. Green-Mediated Synthesis of Co3O4 Nanostructures for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction and Supercapacitor Applications. J. Electron. Mater. 53, 1012–1025 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-023-10846-4

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