Abstract
Molybdenum disulfide is a layered transition-metal dichalcogenide semiconductor that is attracting renewed attention for its potential use in future nanoscale electronics, optoelectronics, catalysis, tribology, and other fields. In all of these cases, the interaction between MoS2 and various transition metals is very important. In this work we survey the thermodynamics of the metal–Mo–S systems and the anticipated reaction products from transition metals and MoS2. We examined over 200 references on the reactions between transitions metals (M) and MoS2, compiled thermodynamic data, and used the thermodynamic data to predict M–Mo–S ternary phase diagrams for systems without experimentally determined diagrams. Where possible, experimental literature on the interactions between metals and MoS2 was used to corroborate our predicted diagrams and stable reaction products. Both the previously reported and newly predicted M–Mo–S phase diagrams fall into three categories. In the first category, the metal is in thermodynamic equilibrium with MoS2. In another, there is a driving force for the metal to reduce MoS2, with tie lines to sulfides of the contact metal dominating the phase diagram. In a final category, there is a very stable solid solution or ternary phase that dominates the phase diagram. Better understanding of the phase equilibria in the M–Mo–S systems will aid research on the use of MoS2 in a variety of fields.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
K.S. Novoselov, D. Jiang, F. Schedin, T.J. Booth, V.V. Khotkevich, S.V. Morozov, and A.K. Geim, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 10451 (2005)
S.Z. Butler, S.M. Hollen, L. Cao, Y. Cui, J.A. Gupta, H.R. Gutiérrez, T.F. Heinz, S.S. Hong, J. Huang, A.F. Ismach, E. Johnston-Halperin, M. Kuno, V.V. Plashnitsa, R.D. Robinson, R.S. Ruoff, S. Salahuddin, J. Shan, L. Shi, M.G. Spencer, M. Terrones, W. Windl, and J.E. Goldberger, ACS Nano 7, 2898 (2013)
S. McDonnell, R. Addou, C. Buie, R.M. Wallace, and C.L. Hinkle, ACS Nano 8, 2880 (2014)
S. Das, H.Y. Chen, A.V. Penumatcha, and J. Appenzeller, Nano Lett. 13, 100 (2012)
C. Gong, L. Colombo, R.M. Wallace, and K. Cho, Nano Lett. 14, 1714 (2014)
J.R. Chen, P.M. Odenthal, A.G. Swartz, G.C. Floyd, H. Wen, K.Y. Luo, and R.K. Kawakami, Nano Lett. 13, 3106 (2013)
R. Ganatra and Q. Zhang, ACS Nano 8, 4074 (2014)
M. Fontana, T. Deppe, A.K. Boyd, M. Rinzan, A.Y. Liu, M. Paranjape, and P. Barbara, Sci. Rep. 3, 1 (2013)
D.S. Tsai, D.H. Lien, M.L. Tsai, S.H. Su, K.M. Chen, J.J. Ke, Y.C. Yu, L.J. Li, and J.H. He, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum 20, 3800206 (2014)
P. Stoyanov, R.R. Chromik, D. Goldbaum, J.R. Lince, and X. Zhang, Surf. Coat. Technol. Lett. 40, 199 (2010)
X.Z. Ding, X.T. Zeng, X.Y. Zeng, X.Y. He, and Z. Chen, Surf. Coat. Technol. 205, 224 (2010)
J.R. Lince, H.I. Kim, P.M. Adams, D.J. Dickrell, and M.T. Dugger, Thin Solid Films 517, 5516 (2009)
W. Chen, E.J.G. Santos, W. Zhu, E. Kaxiras, and Z. Zhang, Nano Lett. 13, 509 (2013)
B.G. Rao, H.S.S.R. Matte, P. Chaturbedy, and C.N.R. Rao, ChemPlusChem 78, 419 (2013)
T.F. Jaramillo, K.P. Jorgensen, J. Bonde, J.H. Nielsen, S. Horch, and I. Chorkendorff, Science 317, 100 (2007)
A. Splendiani, L. Sun, Y. Zhang, T. Li, J. Kim, C.Y. Chim, G. Galli, and F. Wang, Nano Lett. 10, 1271 (2010)
K.F. Mak, C. Lee, J. Hone, J. Shan, and T.F. Heinz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 136805 (2010)
S. McDonnell, B. Brennan, A. Azcatl, N. Lu, H. Dong, C. Buie, J. Kim, C.L. Hinkle, M.J. Kim, and R.M. Wallace, ACS Nano 7, 10354 (2013)
W. Kautek, H. Gerischer, and H. Tributsch, J. Electrochem. Soc. 127, 2471 (1980)
K.K. Kam and B.A. Parkinson, J. Phys. Chem. 86, 463 (1982)
C.P. Lu, G. Li, J. Mao, L.M. Wang, and E.Y. Andrei, Nano Lett. 14, 4628 (2014)
H. Bergmann, B. Czeska, I. Haas, B. Mohsin, and K.H. Wandner, Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, vol. Molybdenum Supplement B7, 8th edn. (Springer, Berlin, 1992)
Y. Yoon, K. Ganapathi, and S. Salahuddin, Nano Lett. 11, 3768 (2011)
H. Zeng, J. Dai, W. Yao, D. Xiao, and X. Cui, Nat. Nanotechnol. 7, 490 (2012)
K.F. Mak, K. He, J. Shan, and T.F. Heinz, Nat. Nanotechnol. 7, 494 (2012)
C. Gong, C. Huang, J. Miller, L. Cheng, Y. Hao, D. Cobden, J. Kim, R.S. Ruoff, R.M. Wallace, K. Cho, X. Xu, and Y.J. Chabal, ACS Nano 7, 11350 (2013)
M.F. Cardinal, P.A. Castro, J. Baxi, H. Liang, and F.J. Williams, Surf. Coat. Technol. 204, 85 (2009)
L. Shi, C. Sun, and W. Liu, Appl. Surf. Sci. 254, 6880 (2008)
J. Nowotny, C.C. Sorrell, L.R. Sheppard, and T. Bak, Catal. Hydrogen Energy 30, 521 (2005)
J.D. Benck, T.R. Hellstern, J. Kibsgaard, P. Chakthranont, and T.F. Jaramillo, ACS Catal. 4, 3957 (2014)
J. Bonde, P.G. Moses, T.F. Jaramillo, J.K. Nørskov, and I. Chorkendorff, Faraday Discuss. 140, 219 (2009)
O.Y. Gutiérrez, S. Singh, E. Schachtl, J. Kim, E. Kondratieva, J. Hein, and J.A. Lercher, ACS Catal. 4, 1487 (2014)
J. Lince, D. Carré, and P. Fleischauer, Phys. Rev. B 36, 1647 (1987)
J.F. McGilp and I.T. McGovern, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 3, 1641 (1985)
J.F. McGilp, J. Mater. Res. 2, 516 (1987)
V.L. Kalikhman and Y.S. Umanskiĭ, Sov. Phys. Uspekhi 15, 728 (1973)
W. Jaegermann and H. Tributsch, Prog. Surf. Sci. 29, 1 (1988)
A.N. Zelikman, G.V. Indenbaum, M.V. Teslitskaya, and V.P. Shalankova, Kristallografiya 14, 795 (1969)
W.B. Jensen, J. Chem. Educ. 80, 952 (2003)
A.C. Lawson, Mater. Res. Bull. 7, 773 (1972)
R. Chevrel, M. Sergent, and J. Prigent, J. Solid State Chem. 3, 515 (1971)
A.M. Umarji, G.V.S. Rao, M.P. Janawadkar, and T.S. Radhakrishnan, Solid State Commun. 37, 1 (1981)
P. Vaqueiro, M.L. Kosidowski, and A.V. Powell, Chem. Mater. 14, 1201 (2002)
J. Guillevic, J.Y.L. Marouille, and D. Grandjean, Acta Crystallogr. B 30, 111 (1974)
K. Anzenhofer and J.J. De Boer, Acta Crystallogr. B B25, 1420 (1969)
R. Chevrel, M. Sergent, J.L. Meury, and D.T. Quan, J. Solid State Chem. 10, 260 (1974)
J. Guillevic, O. Bars, and D. Grandjean, Acta Crystallogr. B 32, 1338 (1976)
R. Chevrel, J. Guillevic, and M. Sergent, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris C 271, 1240 (1970)
A. Oshima, E. Ike, H. Hinode, and M. Wakihara, Thermochim. Acta 191, 341 (1991)
A. Hårsta and E. Wennebo, Acta Chem. Scand. A 35, 227 (1981)
V.L. Kalikhman and A.A. Golubnichaya, Sov. Phys. Crystallogr. 28, 801 (1983)
A.M. Umarji, G.V.S. Rao, M.P. Janawadkar, and T.S. Radhakrishnan, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 41, 421 (1980)
R. de Jonge, T.J.A. Popma, G.A. Wiegers, and F. Jellinek, J. Solid State Chem. 2, 188 (1970)
J. Guillevic, M.O. Bars, and D. Grandjean, J. Solid State Chem. 7, 158 (1973)
A. Perrin, M. Sergent, and O. Fischer, Mater. Res. Bull. 13, 259 (1978)
M. Saeki and M. Onoda, J. Less Common Met. 135, L1 (1987)
M. Saeki and M. Onoda, Chem. Lett. 16, 1353 (1987)
H. Wada and M. Onoda, J. Less Common Met. 135, 205 (1987)
E.A. Marseglia, Int. Rev. Phys. Chem. 3, 177 (1983)
C.N.R. Rao and K.P.R. Pisharody, Prog. Solid State Chem. 10, 207 (1976)
H. Wada, M. Onoda, H. Nozaki, and I. Kawada, J. Solid State Chem. 63, 369 (1986)
V. Ivanovskaya, A. Zobelli, A. Gloter, N. Brun, V. Serin, and C. Colliex, Phys. Rev. B 78, 134104 (2008)
M. Kamaratos and C. Papageorgopoulos, Solid State Commun. 61, 567 (1987)
J.S. Zabinski and B.J. Tatarchuk, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 140, 239 (1988)
R. Chevrel, M. Sergent, and J. Prigent, Mater. Res. Bull. 9, 1487 (1974)
R. Baillif, K. Yvon, R. Flükiger, and J. Muller, J. Low Temp. Phys. 37, 231 (1979)
K. Yvon, A. Paoli, R. Flükiger, and R. Chevrel, Acta Crystallogr. B 33, 3066 (1977)
V.G.H. Moh, Top. Curr. Chem. 76, 107 (1978)
A. Hårsta, J. Solid State Chem. 57, 362 (1985)
T.B. Massalski (ed.), Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, vol. 1–3, 2nd edn. (ASM International, Materials Park, 1990)
W.A. Brainard, NASA Tech. Note D–5141, 1 (1968)
O. Kubaschewski, C.B. Alcock, and P.J. Spencer, Materials Thermochemistry, 6th edn. (Pergamon, Oxford, 1993)
F.R. De Boer, R. Boom, W.C.M. Mattens, M.R. Miedema, and A.K. Niessen, Cohesion in Metals: Transition Metal Alloys (North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1988)
A.R. Miedema, P.F. de Châtel, and F.R. de Boer, Physica B 100, 1 (1980)
M.W. Chase, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data Monogr. 9, 1 (1998)
R. Schmid-Fetzer, J. Electron Mater. 17, 193 (1988)
W.E. Liu and S.E. Mohney, Mater. Sci. Eng. B 103, 189 (2003)
V.G.H. Moh and G. Udubasa, Chem. Erde 35, 327 (1976)
M. Venkatraman and H. Newmann, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Chap. S-Sc (Sulfur-Scandium) (ASM International, Materials Park, 1990), p. 3276
L. Brewer and R.H. Lamoreaux, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Chap. Mo-Sc (Molybdenum-Scandium) (ASM International, Materials Park, 1990), pp. 2660–2663
L. Brewer and R.H. Lamoreaux, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Chap. Mo-Y (Molybdenum-Yttrium) (ASM International, Materials Park, 1990), pp. 2686–2687
M. Venkatraman and H. Newmann, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Chap. S-Y (Sulfur-Yttrium) (ASM International, Materials Park, 1990), p. 3295
G. Lütjering and J.C. Williams, Titanium, Chapter Fundamental Aspects (New York, 2007), pp. 15–52
I.T. McGovern, E. Dietz, H.H. Rotermund, A.M. Bradshaw, W. Braun, W. Radlik, and J.F. McGilp, Surf. Sci. 152–153, 1203 (1985)
H. Okamoto, J. Phase Equilib. 24, 279 (2003)
H. Okamoto, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Chap. S-Zr (Sulfur-Zirconium) (ASM International, Materials Park, 1990), pp. 3300–3301
F.J. Mompean, J. Perrone, and M. Illemassène, Chemical Thermodynamics of Zirconium, vol. 8 (OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, Amsterdam, 2005)
T.B. Massalski, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Chap. Hf-S (Hafnium-Sulfur) (ASM International, Materials Park, 1990), p. 2108
L. Brewer and L.H. Lamoreaux, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Chap. Hf-Mo (Hafnium-Molybdenum) (ASM International, Materials Park, 1990), pp. 2088–2089
S. Fiechter and K. Eckert, J. Cryst. Growth 88, 435 (1988)
C. Mujica, J. Llanos, and O. Wittke, J. Alloys Compd. 226, 136 (1995)
A.V. Powell, A. McDowall, P. Vaqueiro, R.I. Smith, T. Ohtani, and Y. Okuya, J. Mater. Chem. 14, 3051 (2004)
W. Xiong, Y. Du, Y. Liu, B.Y. Huang, H.H. Xu, H.L. Chen, and Z. Pan, CALPHAD 28, 133 (2004)
T.B. Massalski, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Chap. Nb-S (Niobium-Sulfur) (ASM International, Materials Park, 1990), pp. 2758–2762
V. Raghavan, J. Phase Equilib. Diff. 27, 298 (2006)
P. Remmert, E. Fischer, and H.U. Hummel, Z. Naturforsch. B 49b, 1175 (1994)
S.R. Shatynski, Oxid. Met. 11, 307 (1977)
P.E.A. Turchi, L. Kaufman, and Z.K. Liu, CALPHAD 30, 70 (2006)
M. Venkatraman and H. Newmann, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Chap. Cr-S (Chromium-Sulfur) (ASM International, Materials Park, 1990), pp. 1322–1326
T.D. Durbin, J.R. Lince, and J.A. Yarmoff, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 10, 2529 (1992)
T.D. Durbin, J.R. Lince, S.V. Didziulis, D.K. Shuh, and J.A. Yarmoff, Surf. Sci. 302, 314 (1994)
A. Kumar and P.K. Ahluwalia, Eur. Phys. J. B 85, 186 (2012)
L. Brewer and R.H. Lamoreaux, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Chap. Mn-Mo (Manganese-Molybdenum) (ASM International, Materials Park, 1990), pp. 2573–2575
H.F. Franzen, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Chap. Mn-S (Manganese-Sulfur) (ASM International, Materials Park, 1990)
D. Dilner, H. Mao, and M. Selleby, CALPHAD 48, 95 (2015)
J.R. Lince, T.B. Stewart, P.D. Fleischauer, J.A. Yarmoff, and A. Taleb-Ibrahimi, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 7, 2469 (1989)
L. Brewer and R. Lamoreaux, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Chap. Mo-Tc (Molybdenum-Technetium) (ASM International, Materials Park, 1990)
H. Okamoto, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Chap. S-Tc (Sulfur-Technetium) (ASM International, Materials Park, 1990), p. 3284
P. Mao, K. Han, and Y. Xin, J. Alloys Compd. 464, 190 (2008)
K.K. Tiong, T.S. Shou, and C.H. Ho, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 12, 3441 (2000)
T.P. da Silva, M.O. Figueiredo, D. de Oliveira, J.P. Veiga, and M.J. Batista, J. Miner. Mater. Charact. Eng. 1, 207 (2013)
K.K. Tiong, P.C. Liao, C.H. Ho, and Y.S. Huang, J. Cryst. Growth 205, 543 (1999)
V. Raghavan, Phase Diagrams of Ternary Iron Alloys, Chap. The Fe-Mo-S (Iron-Molybdenum-Sulphur) System (Calcutta, 1988), pp. 174–187
P.C. d’A Meneau and B. Boucher, Acta Crystallogr. B 33, 1495 (1977)
M. Kamaratos and C.A. Papageorgopoulos, Surf. Sci. 160, 451 (1985)
J.S. Zabinski, T. George, and B.J. Tatarchuk, Thin Solid Films 181, 485 (1989)
J.R. Lince, T.B. Stewart, M.M. Hills, P.D. Fleischauer, J.A. Yarmoff, and A. Taleb-Ibrahimi, Surf. Sci. 223, 65 (1989)
P. Waldner and A.D. Pelton, J. Phase Equilib. Diff. 26, 23 (2005)
H. Okamoto, J. Phase Equilib. 21, 572 (2000)
H. Okamoto, J. Phase Equilib. 12, 620 (1991)
H. Okamoto, J. Phase Equilib. 15, 455 (1994)
A. Taylor and N.J. Doyle, J. Less Common Met. 9, 190 (1965)
V.G. Kuznetsov, M.A. Sokolova, K.K. Palkina, and Z.V. Popova, Inorg. Mater. 1, 617 (1965)
K.P. Gupta, J. Phase Equilib. Diff. 25, 292 (2004)
J. Houserová, J. Vřešťál, and M. šob, CALPHAD 29, 133 (2005)
V.L. Kalikhman, E.P. Gladchenko, A.G. Duksina, and A.G. Krupina, Powder Metall. Met. Ceram. 10, 475 (1969)
A. Mascaraque, L.M. de la Garza, and E.G. Michel, Surf. Sci. 482–485, 664 (2001)
J. Bulicz, L.M. de la Garza, and S. Fuentes, Surf. Sci. 365, 411 (1996)
J.R. Lince, D.J. Carre, and P.D. Fleischauer, Langmuir 2, 805 (1986)
H. Okamoto, J. Phase Equilib. 13, 108 (1992)
L. Kaufman, CALPHAD 14, 163 (1990)
O. Diéguez and N. Marzari, Phys. Rev. B 80, 214115 (2009)
E. Parthé, E. Hohnke, and F. Hulliger, Acta Crystallogr. 23, 832 (1967)
L. Brewer, L. Brewer, R.H. Lamoreaux, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Chap. Ir-Mo (Iridium-Molybdenum) (ASM International, Materials Park, 1990), pp. 2328–2329
S.H. Zhou, Y. Wang, C. Jiang, J.Z. Zhu, L.Q. Chen, and Z.K. Liu, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 397, 288 (2005)
P. Waldner and A.D. Pelton, Z. Metallkd. 95, 672 (2004)
W. Schramm, E. Gocke, and R. Schöllhorn, Mater. Res. Bull. 21, 929 (1986)
J.A. Rodriguez, Polyhedron 16, 3177 (1997)
C. Papageorgopoulos and M. Kamaratos, Surf. Sci. 164, 353 (1985)
A. Zubkov, T. Fujino, N. Sato, and K. Yamada, J. Chem. Thermodyn. 30, 571 (1998)
H. Okamoto, J. Phase Equilib. 13, 106 (1992)
G. Ghosh and G.B. Olson, J. Phase Equilib. 21, 32 (2000)
E. Perrot, A. Humbert, A. Piednoir, C. Chapon, and C.R. Henry, Surf. Sci. 445, 407 (2000)
L. Brewer and R.H. Lamoreaux, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Chap. Mo-Pt (Molybdenum-Platinum) (ASM International, Materials Park, 1990), pp. 2650–2652
H.F. Franzen, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Chap. Pt-S (Platinum-Sulfur) (ASM International, Materials Park, 1990), pp. 3121–3125
W.K. Hofmann, J. Mater. Sci. 23, 3981 (1988)
R.A. Simon, A.J. Ricco, D.J. Harrison, and M.S. Wrighton, J. Phys. Chem. 87, 4446 (1983)
D. Huang, L.L.Y. Chang, and C.R. Knowles, J. Less Common Met. 163, 281 (1990)
S. Yamamoto, K. Matsui, and M. Wakihara, Mater. Res. Bull. 18, 1311 (1983)
D.J. Chakrabarti, and D.E. Laughlin, Bull. Alloy Phase Diagr. 4, 254 (1983)
W.R. Cook Jr., (National Bureau of Standards (NBS) Special Publication, Gaithersburg, MD, 1972)
R.W. Potter, Econ. Geol. 72, 1524 (1977)
F. Grønvold, S. Stølen, E.F. Westrum Jr, and C.G. Galeas, J. Chem. Thermodyn. 19, 1305 (1987)
V.M. Glazov and A.S. Burkhanov, Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 16, 565 (1980)
M.R. Baren, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Chap. Ag-Mo (Silver-Molybdenum) (ASM International, Materials Park, 1990), pp. 59–60
A. Souder and D.E. Brodie, Can. J. Phys. 49, 2565 (1971)
S.Y. Li, J.A. Rodriguez, J. Hrbek, H.H. Huang, and G.Q. Xu, Surf. Sci. 395, 216 (1998)
T.B. Massalski, H. Okamoto, and L. Brewer, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Chap. Au-Mo (Gold-Molybdenum) (ASM International, Materials Park, 1990), pp. 395–397
H. Okamoto and T.B. Massalski, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Chap. Au-S (Gold-Sulfur) (ASM International, Materials Park, 1990), pp. 422–424
C. Maurel, F. Ajustron, R. Péchou, G. Seine, and R. Coratger, Surf. Sci. 600, 442 (2006)
H.L. Zhuang and R.G. Hennig, J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 20440 (2013)
J.A. Wilson and A.D. Yoffe, Adv. Phys. 18, 193 (1969)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Domask, A.C., Gurunathan, R.L. & Mohney, S.E. Transition Metal–MoS2 Reactions: Review and Thermodynamic Predictions. J. Electron. Mater. 44, 4065–4079 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-015-3956-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-015-3956-5