Skip to main content
Log in

In Situ Spectroscopic Ellipsometry of Rough Surfaces: Application to CdTe(211)B/Ge(211) Grown by Molecular-Beam Epitaxy

  • Published:
Journal of Electronic Materials Aims and scope Submit manuscript

The surface morphology of the B-face of (211) cadmium telluride on germanium (211) is investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and generalized ellipsometry (GE). It is apparent that one can obtain roughnesses on the order of two monolayers or less by manipulating the growth conditions. GE confirms that the surfaces are anisotropic. A model based on the Bruggeman effective-medium approximation is used to fit the data and yields values of the roughness that are in good agreement with those found by AFM. In situ data taken during growth are analyzed and a model for them is also proposed to analyze the formation of roughness and its evolution.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. M. Vilela, D.D. Lofgreen, E. P. G. Smith, M. D. Newton, G. M. Venzor, J. M. Peterson, J.J. Franklin, M. Reddy, S. M. Johnson and M. Z. Tirdow, J. Electron. Mat. 37 1465-1470 (2008). doi:10.1007/s11664-008-0443-2

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. M. Carmody, J. G. Pasko, D. Edwall, R. Bailey, J. Arias, S. Cabelli, J. Bajaj, L. A. Almeida, J. H. Dinan, M. Groenert, A. J. Stoltz, Y. Chen, G. Brill and N. K. Dhar, J. Electron. Mat. 34 832-838 (2005). doi:10.1007/s11664-005-0028-2

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. S. M. Johnson, A. A. Buell, M. F. Vilela, J. M. Peterson, J. B. Varesi, M. D. Newton, G. M. Venzor, R. E. Bornfreund, W. A. Radford, E. P. G. Smith, J. P. Rosbeck, T. J. De Lyon, J. E. Jensen and V. Nathan, J. Electron. Mat. 33 526–530 (2004). doi:10.1007/s11664-004-0041-x.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. J. Singh and J. Arias, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 7 2562-2568 (1989). doi:10.1116/1.575797

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. S. Sivananthan, X. Chu, J. Reno and JP. Faurie, J. Appl. Phys. 60 1359-1396 (1986). doi:10.1063/1.337310

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. C. Pautet, personal communication

  7. S. Adachi, T. Kimura, and N. Suzuki, J. Appl. Phys. 74 3435 (1993). doi:10.1063/1.354543.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. D.E. Aspnes and H. Arwin, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 2 1309 (1984). doi:10.1116/1.572400

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. C. C. Kim and S. Sivananthan, J. Appl. Phys. 78 4003 (1995). doi:10.1063/1.359922

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. J. Li, J. Chen, N.J. Podraza, and R.W. Collins, Conference Record of the 2006 IEEE 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (2006), pp. 392–395.

  11. J.A. Zapien, J. Chen, J. Li, J. Inks, N.J. Podraza, C. Chen, J.␣Drayton, A. Vasko, A. Gupta, S.L. Wang, R.W. Collins, and A.D. Compaan, Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2005 (2005), pp. 461–464.

  12. S. Dakshina Murthy, I. B. Bhat, J. Cryst. Growth 170 193-197 (1997). doi:10.1016/S0022-0248(96)00610-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. S. Dakshinamurthy and I. Bhat, Journal of Electronic Materials, 27, 521-524 (1998). doi:10.1007/s11664-998-0008-4

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. G. Badano, X. Baudry, P. Ballet, P. Duvaut, A. Million, E. Micoud, S. Kaismoune, P. Fougères, S. Mibord, P. Tran-Van and A. Etcheberry, J. Elecotron. Mat. 37 1369-1375 (2008). doi:10.1007/s11664-008-0424-5

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Harland G. Tompkins and Eugene A. Irene (editors), Handbook of Ellipsometry (Springer, Heidelberg, 2005) 639-641

    Google Scholar 

  16. J.E. Jellison, Thin Solid Films 290–291 (1996) 40–45. doi:10.1016/S0040-6090(96)09009-8

  17. B. Johs, personal communication

  18. Lord Rayleigh, Theory of Sound, Vol.2 (Macmillan, London, 1929), 89-96

    Google Scholar 

  19. S. O. Rice, Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 4, 351 (1951). doi:10.1002/cpa.3160040206

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  20. G. R. Valenzuela, IEEE Proc. 58, 1279 (1970). doi:10.1109/PROC.1970.7902

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Ralf Schiffer, Appl. Opt., 26 704-712 (1987). doi:10.1364/AO.26.000704

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. D. Franta and I. Ohlidal, Opt. Comm., 248 459-467 (2005). doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2004.12.016

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. J. T. Zettler, J. Rumberg, K. Ploska, K. Stahrenberg, M. Pristovsek, W.Richter, M. Wassermeier, P. Schützendübe, J. Behrend and L. Däweritz, Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 152, 35-47, (1995). doi:10.1002/pssa.2211520104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. D. J. De Smet, Surf. Sci., 56, 293-306 (1976). doi:10.1016/0039-6028(76)90454-4

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. H. Wohler, M. Fritsch, G. Haas, and D. A. Mlynski, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 8, 536- (1991).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. D. W. Berreman, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 62, 502-510 (1972). doi:10.1364/JOSA.62.000502

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. H. Wohler, G. Haas, M. Fritsch, and D. A. Mlynski, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 5, 1554- (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. P. Petrika, L. P. Biróc, M. Friedc, T. Lohnerc, R. Berger1, C. Schneiderb, J. Gyulaib, and H. Ryssela, Thin Solid Films, 315 186-191 (1998). doi:10.1016/S0040-6090(97)00349-0

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. H. Fujiwara, Joohyun Koh, P. I. Rovira, and R. W. Collins, Phys. Rev. B, 61, 10832-10884 (2000). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.61.10832

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Charles C. Kim, J. W. Garland, H. Abad, and P. M. Raccah, Phys. Rev. B 45, 11749 – 11767- (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. Hiroyuki Fujiwara, M. Kondo, and A. Matsuda, Phys. Rev. B 63, 115306- (2001)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Giacomo Badano.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Badano, G., Baudry, X. & Robin, I.C. In Situ Spectroscopic Ellipsometry of Rough Surfaces: Application to CdTe(211)B/Ge(211) Grown by Molecular-Beam Epitaxy. J. Electron. Mater. 38, 1652–1660 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-009-0783-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-009-0783-6

Keywords

Navigation