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Elucidating Electrical Conductive Mechanisms for CaF2–SiO2–CaO–TiO2 Welding Fluxes

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Abstract

Total electrical conductivity of CaF2–SiO2–CaO–TiO2 welding fluxes has been investigated using the four-electrode method, and the underpinning conductive mechanisms have been clarified. To quantify the contribution of the electronic/ionic conductivity to the total electrical conductivity, electronic transference numbers have been measured using the stepped potential chronoamperometry method. The results show that electronic and ionic conductivity of the fluxes increases with higher temperature, thereby increasing the total electrical conductivity, which indicates that conductivity in the molten fluxes is a thermally activated process. Higher TiO2 content favors electronic conductivity as improved Ti3+/Ti4+ mass ratio facilitates electron hopping. However, electronic conductivity decreases with increasing TiO2 content, which is accompanied by the enhanced degree of depolymerization of the silicate network. In addition, the conductive mechanism of the fluxes is controlled by an electronic-ionic mixed mode. The increased value of electronic conductivity is significantly greater than the reduced value of ionic conductivity with higher TiO2 content, resulting in a net increase for the total electrical conductivity.

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Acknowledgments

The authors sincerely acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U20A20277, 52104295, and 52150610494), National Key Research and Development Plan of China (Grant No. 2022YFE0123300), Research Fund for Central Universities (Grant No. N2325005), and Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST (YESS) (Grant No. 2021-2023QNRC001).

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On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China

    Yanyun Zhang, Hang Yuan, Huiyu Tian, Zhanjun Wang & Cong Wang

  2. School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China

    Yanyun Zhang, Hang Yuan, Huiyu Tian, Zhanjun Wang & Cong Wang

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  1. Yanyun Zhang
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Zhang, Y., Yuan, H., Tian, H. et al. Elucidating Electrical Conductive Mechanisms for CaF2–SiO2–CaO–TiO2 Welding Fluxes. Metall Mater Trans B 54, 3023–3030 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-023-02885-3

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