Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Revealing the Viscosity–Structure Relationship of SiO2–MnO–CaO Fluxes Geared Toward High Heat Input Submerged Arc Welding

  • Topical Collection: 2021 Metallurgical Processes Workshop for Young Scholars
  • Published:
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, the influence of MnO substitution with CaO on the viscosity and structure of ternary SiO2–MnO–CaO submerged arc welding fluxes was investigated. The results showed that the viscosity increased with the substitution of MnO with CaO, which was correlated to the enhancement in the degree of polymerization of the flux structural units as the activation energy increased from 96.2 to 125.5 kJ/mol for viscous flow. Deconvolution and area integration of the Raman spectra of the fluxes revealed that the Q3/Q2 ratio (Qi, where i is the number of bridging oxygen in one [SiO4]-tetrahedral unit) increased and NBO/Si (nonbridging oxygen per silicon atom) decreased with higher CaO/(MnO + CaO) mass ratios. It was also observed from the O1s X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) that the relative proportion of O0 and O2− increased at the cost of O−, indicating the polymerization of the fluxes, which correlated well with the Raman spectra results and the viscous behavior.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Z. Wang, G. Wen, Q. Liu, P. Tang, W. Jiang, and S. Huang: Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 2021, vol. 52B, pp. 1574–81.

    Google Scholar 

  2. J.B. Kim and I. Sohn: ISIJ Int., 2014, vol. 54, pp. 2050–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. X. Zou, L. Zhou, H. Matsuura, and C. Wang: JOM., 2021, vol. 73, pp. 1110–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. X. Wu, S. Wu, C. Yan, X. Ma, and Q. Zhang: Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 2021, vol. 52B, pp. 1012–22.

    Google Scholar 

  5. J. Zhang, C. Wang, and T. Coetsee: Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 2021, vol. 52B, pp. 1937–44.

    Google Scholar 

  6. J. Zhang, T. Coetsee, H. Dong, and C. Wang: Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 2020, vol. 51B, pp. 1953–7.

    Google Scholar 

  7. J.E. Indacochea, M. Blander, N. Christensen, and D.L. Olson: Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 1985, vol. 16B, pp. 237–45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. J.B. Kim, J.K. Choi, I.W. Han, and I. Sohn: J. Non-Cryst. Solid., 2016, vol. 432, pp. 218–26.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Z. Duan, R. Qin, and H. Guo: Metall. Mater. Trans. A., 2014, vol. 45A, pp. 843–53.

    Google Scholar 

  10. J.B. Kim and I. Sohn: J. Non-Cryst. Solid., 2013, vol. 379, pp. 235–43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. J.B. Kim and I. Sohn: ISIJ Int., 2014, vol. 54, pp. 657–63.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Y. Zhang, T. Coetsee, H. Yang, T. Zhao, and C. Wang: Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 2020, vol. 51B, pp. 1947–52.

    Google Scholar 

  13. C. Wang and J. Zhang: Acta Metall. Sinica., 2021, vol. 57, pp. 1126–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. A. Cruz-Crespo, R.Q. Puchol, L. González, C. Pérez, E.D. Cedré, and J.G. Jacomino: Weld. Int., 2010, vol. 24, pp. 518–23.

    Google Scholar 

  15. J. Zhang, T. Coetsee, and C. Wang: Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 2019, vol. 51B, pp. 16–21.

    Google Scholar 

  16. B. Ferrera and D.L. Olson: Weld. J., 1975, vol. 54, pp. 211–5.

    Google Scholar 

  17. J. Jang and J.E. Indacochea: J. Mater. Sci., 1987, vol. 22, pp. 689–700.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. B. Chai and T.W. Ea Car: Weld. J., 1982, vol. 61, pp. 229–32.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Y. Zou, H. Gu, and A. Huang: J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2018, vol. 101, pp. 2096–106.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Y. Fujii, Y. Nakai, Y.I. Uchida, and Y. Miki: ISIJ Int., 2017, vol. 101, pp. 524–9.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Z. Wang and I. Sohn: J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2018, vol. 101, pp. 4285–96.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Z. Wang, Y. Sun, S. Sridhar, M. Zhang, and Z. Zhang: Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 2017, vol. 48B, pp. 527–37.

    Google Scholar 

  23. X. Yan, W. Pan, X. Wang, X. Zhang, and Q. Wang: Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 2021, vol. 52B, pp. 2526–35.

    Google Scholar 

  24. J. Yang, L. Wang, Q. Wang, J. Zhang, Y. Sasaki, C. Zhang, D. Cai, and O. Ostrovski: Steel Res. Int., 2021, https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202100123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. S. Sridhar, K.C. Mills, O.D.C. Afrange, H.P. Lorz, and R. Carli: Ironmak. Steelmak., 2000, vol. 27, pp. 238–42.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. S. Chu, H. Liu, S. Diao, and T. Xu: Int. J. Min. Met. Mater., 1995, vol. 2, pp. 19–23.

    Google Scholar 

  27. S. Seetharaman, S. Du, S. Sridhar, and K.C. Mills: Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 2000, vol. 31B, pp. 111–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Y. Chen, F. Lai, and J. Li: JOM., 2020, vol. 72, pp. 1414–21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. J. Yang, Y. Kim, and I. Sohn: J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2021, vol. 10, pp. 268–81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. D. Virgo, B.O. Mysen, and I. Kushiro: Science., 1980, vol. 208, pp. 1371–3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Z. Wang, Y. Sun, S. Sridhar, M. Zhang, M. Guo, and Z. Zhang: Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 2015, vol. 46B, pp. 537–41.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Z. Wang and I. Sohn: Ceram. Int., 2019, vol. 46, pp. 903–12.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Y.C. Jeong, S.H. Shin, J.Y. Baek, and J.W. Cho: Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 2021, vol. 52B, pp. 2048–55.

    Google Scholar 

  34. X. He, L. Wang, and K. Chou: J. Alloy Compd., 2021, vol. 876, p. 160209.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. E. Gao, W. Wang, and L. Zhang: J. Non-Cryst. Solids., 2017, vol. 473, pp. 79–86.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. J.S. Choi, T.J. Park, D.J. Min, and I. Sohn: J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2021, vol. 15, pp. 1382–94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. T. Li, C. Zhao, C. Sun, S. Song, and Q. Wang: Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 2020, vol. 51B, pp. 2724–34.

    Google Scholar 

  38. J.H. Park: ISIJ Int., 2012, vol. 52, pp. 1627–36.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. G.H. Zhang and K.C. Chou: Steel Res. Int., 2013, vol. 84, pp. 631–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. P. McMillan: Am. Mineral., 1984, vol. 69, pp. 645–59.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. J.H. Park: J. Non-Cryst. Solid., 2012, vol. 358, pp. 3096–102.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. H. Chen, Y. Bai, L. Zheng, L. Wu, and J. Xu: J. Mater. Chem. C., 2020, vol. 8, pp. 6587–94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. H. Kim and I. Sohn: ISIJ Int., 2011, vol. 51, pp. 1–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. W. Liu, Y. Chen, J. Wang, and H. Zuo: J. Sustain. Metall., 2021, vol. 7, pp. 1169–77.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors sincerely thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 52104295, U20A20277, 51861145312, 52050410341, and 52011530180), Royal Academy of Engineering (Grant No. TSPC1070), and Research Fund for Central Universities (Grant No. N2025025). This work is also funded by the Regional Innovation Joint Fund of Liaoning Province (Grant No. 2020-YKLH-39).

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China

    Cong Wang, Zhanjun Wang & Jiakun Yang

Authors
  1. Cong Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zhanjun Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jiakun Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cong Wang.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Manuscript submitted August 30, 2021, accepted November 11, 2021.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (PDF 819 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, C., Wang, Z. & Yang, J. Revealing the Viscosity–Structure Relationship of SiO2–MnO–CaO Fluxes Geared Toward High Heat Input Submerged Arc Welding. Metall Mater Trans B 53, 693–701 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-021-02391-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-021-02391-4

Search

Navigation