Abstract
The effects of nucleus density and dendritic growth influenced by Ti and Nb on the solidification structure of Fe-18 pct Cr ferritic stainless steel (FSS) ingots were investigated. The equiaxed zone ratios (EZR) were 8.5, 28.8, 67.5, and 57.3 pct in the blank, Nb-bearing, Ti-bearing, and Ti-Nb-bearing FSS ingots, respectively. The grain size was the smallest in the Ti-Nb-bearing ingot. Silicon oxide was present in the blank sample and Nb-bearing ingot, but the complex nuclei that were composed of TiOx-Ti(C, N) and TiOx-(Ti, Nb)x(C, N)y existed in the Ti-bearing and Ti-Nb-bearing ingots, respectively. The bulk density of the complex nucleus decreased by 70 pct when the Ti content decreased from 0.16 to 0.14 mass pct. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that the phase transformation from Ti3O5 to Ti2O3 was delayed in the ingot with a lower Ti content and that the Ti2O3 shows more potential for TiN nucleation compared with Ti3O5 according to the disregistry theory. The increased EZR mechanism was illustrated by a cellular-automaton–finite-element method with actual distribution statistics of the complex nucleus and dendritic-growth-kinetic analysis. The heterogeneous nucleation effect of the complex nucleus by Ti addition and the variations in dendritic-growth kinetics by Ti and Nb contribute to the EZR increase of FSS.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
1. H. Shin, J. An, S. H. Park and D. N. Lee: Acta Mater., 2003, vol. 51, pp. 4693-4706.
2. S. Park, K. Kim, Y. Lee and C. Park: ISIJ Int., 2002, vol. 42, pp. 100-05.
3. J. Hamada, Y. Matsumoto, F. Fudanoki and S. Meada: ISIJ Int., 2003, vol. 43, 1989-98.
4. K. Kawahara: J. Jpn. Inst. Met., 1974, Vol. 38, pp. 440.
5. P. D. Wu, H. Jin, Y. Shi and D. J. Lloyd: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2006, vol. 423, pp. 300-05.
6. M. Y. Huh and O. Engler: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2001, vol. 308, pp. 74-87.
7. H. Chao: Metall. Trans., 1973, vol. 4, pp. 1183-86.
8. R. N. Wright: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 1972, vol. 3B, pp. 83-91.
9. J. C. Kim, J. J. Kim, J. Y. Choi, J. H. Choi and S. K. Kim: La Metall. Ital., 2009, vol. 101, pp. 43-48.
10. Y. Itoh, T. Okajima and K. Tashiro: Tetsu-to-Hagane, 1980, vol. 66, pp. 1093-1102.
11. Y. Hou, S. Li and G. Cheng: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2018, vol. 49A, pp. 5455-57.
12. B. L. Bramfitt: Metall. Trans., 1970, vol. 1, 1987-95.
13. Y. Itoh, S. Takao, T. Okajima and K. Tashiro: Tetsu-to-Hagane, 1980, vol. 66, pp. 710-16.
14. X. Shi, G. Cheng and P. Zhao: J. Univ. Sci. Technol. B, 2010, vol. 32, pp. 1277-81.
15. H. Fujimura, S. Tsuge, Y. Komizo and T. Nishizawa: Tetsu-to-Hagane, 2001, vol. 87, pp. 707-12.
16. J. H. Park: CALPHAD, 2011, vol. 35, pp. 455-62.
17. N. Fujita, K. Ohmura, M. Kikuchi, T. Suzuki, S. Funaki and I. Hiroshige: Scripta Mater., 1996, vol. 35, pp. 705-10.
18. G. M. Sim, J. C. Ahn, S. C. Hong, K. J. Lee and K. S. Lee: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2005, vol. 396, pp. 159-65.
19. P. R. Scheller, S. Lachmann, C. Klinkenberg, K. Hulka and A. Weiss: ISIJ Int., 2006, vol. 46, pp. 1865-70.
20. J. A. Spittle: Int. Mater. Rev., 2006, vol. 51, pp. 247-69.
21. M. Gäumann, R. Trivedi and W. Kurz: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1997, vol. 226, pp. 763-69.
22. H. Takeuchi, Y. Ikehara, T. Yanai, and S. Matsumura: Trans. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn., 1978, vol. 18, pp. 352-60.
C. W. Bale, P. Chartrand, S. A. Degterov, G. Eriksson, K. Hack, R. Ben Mahfoud, J. Melançon, A. D. Pelton and S. Petersen: CALPHAD, 2002, vol. 26, pp. 189-228.
24. C. W. Bale, E. Bélisle, P. Chartrand, S. A. Decterov, G. Eriksson, K. Hack, I. -H. Jung, Y. -B. Kang, J. Melançon, A. D. Pelton, C. Robelin and S. Petersen: CALPHAD, 2009, vol. 33, pp. 295-311.
25. C.W. Bale, E. Bélisle, P. Chartrand, S.A. Decterov, G. Eriksson, A.E. Gheribi, K. Hack, I.-H. Jung, Y.-B. Kang, J. Melançon, A.D. Pelton, S. Petersen, C. Robelin, J. Sangster, P. Spencer and M-A. Van Ende: CALPHAD, 2016, vol. 54, pp. 35-53.
26. B. Sundman, B. Jansson and J. Andersson: CALPHAD, 1985, vol. 9, pp. 153-90.
27. J. Andersson, T. Helander, L. Höglund, P. Shi and B. Sundman: CALPHAD, 2002, vol. 26, pp. 273-312.
28. W. Kurz, B. Giovanola and R. Trivedi: Acta Mater., 1986, vol. 34, pp. 823-30.
29. W. W. Mullins and R. F. Sekerka: J. appl. Phys., 1964, vol. 35, pp. 444-51.
30. W. Kurz and D. J. Fisher: Acta metall., 1981, vol. 29, 11-20.
31. J. Lipton, M. E. Glicksman and W. Kurz: Metall. Trans. A, 1987, vol. 18, pp. 341-45.
32. M. Rappaz and C. A. Gandin: Acta metall., 1993, vol. 41, pp. 345-60.
33. P. Thévoz, L. Desbiolles, and M. Rappaz: Metall. Trans. A, 1989, vol. 20, pp. 311-22.
34. M. Rappaz: Int. Mater. Rev., 1989, vol. 34, pp. 93-124.
35. C. A. Gandin, J. L. Desbiolles, M. Rappaz and P. Thevoz: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1999, vol. 30A, pp. 3153-65.
36. J. Fu, Q. Nie, W. Qiu, J. Liu and Y. Wu: Mater. Charact., 2017, vol. 133, pp. 176-84.
37. J. S. Park and J. H. Park, Steel Res. Int., 2014, vol. 85, pp. 1303-9.
38. A. Ito, H. Suito and R. Inoue, ISIJ Int., 2012, vol. 52, pp. 1196-205.
39. S. K. Kim, H. Suito and R. Inoue, ISIJ Int., 2012, vol. 52, pp. 1935-44.
40. Y. Hou, G. Cheng: ISIJ Int., 2018, vol. 58, pp. 2298-307.
41. J.S. Park, C. Lee, J.H. Park: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2012, vol. 43A, pp.1550-64.
42. K. Kimura, S. Fukumoto, G. Shigesato and A. Takahashi: ISIJ Int., 2013, vol. 53, pp. 2167-76.
43. A. Belyakov, Y. Kimura and K. Tsuzaki: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2005, vol. 403, pp. 249-59.
44. M. Aksoy, S. O. Yilmaz and E. Evin: Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., 2009, vol. 223, 39-49.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project Grant No. 51374020).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Manuscript submitted November 9, 2018.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hou, Y., Cheng, G. Effects of Nucleus Density and Dendritic Growth Influenced by Ti and Nb on Solidification Structure of Fe-18 Pct Cr Ferritic Stainless Steel. Metall Mater Trans B 50, 1322–1333 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-019-01557-5
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-019-01557-5