Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

From flake to nodular: A new theory of morphological modification in gray cast iron

  • Published:
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A modified Bridgman technique was used to grow a nickel-alloyed gray cast iron. During the experiments, morphological modifications (MMs) were induced by the change in chemical composition of the melt in front of the solid/liquid interface. This was achieved by means of an “in-situ” addition of commercial modifiers, maintaining the thermal-gradient-to-growth-rate ratio. Optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the resulting microstructures. From the analysis of the evolution of the microstructures during our unidirectional experiments, correlated with results of other researchers, a new explanation for MMs observed in cast iron is proposed; it covers the whole range of morphologies from flake to nodular graphite. The explanation emphasizes the following points. (1) Graphite always grows like sheet crystals. (2) The MM of flake cast iron starts when the triple-contact line between austenite-graphite-liquid disappears, provoking the separation of austenite from graphite during eutectic growth. (3) Vermicular and nodular morphologies arise from the compacting action of solid austenite and liquid, respectively, exerted upon sheet crystals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. R. Elliott: Cast Iron Technology, Butterworth and Co., London, 1988, pp. 95, 98, and 104–110.

    Google Scholar 

  2. W.A. Tiller: Physical Metallurgy, 1st ed., R.W. Cahn, ed., North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1970, pp. 410–11.

    Google Scholar 

  3. M.F. Basdogan, V. Kondic, and G.H.G. Bennett: AFS Trans., 1982, vol. 90 (82–47), pp. 263–73.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. G.H. Guilmer: Proc. Symp. on Modelling of Casting and Welding Processes, D. Brody and D. Apellion, eds., AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1981, pp. 385–401.

    Google Scholar 

  5. S.B. Subramanian, D. Key, and G. Purdy: AFS Trans., 1982, vol. 90 (82–179), pp. 589–603.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. P.C. Liu, C.R. Loper, T. Kimura, and E.N. Pan: AFS Trans., 1982, vol 89 (81–23), pp. 65–78.

    Google Scholar 

  7. D.M. Stefanescu, D.M. Loper, J.R. Voigt, and L.G. Chen: AFS Trans., 1983, vol. 90 (82–71), pp. 333–48.

    Google Scholar 

  8. E.N. Pan, K. Ogi, and C.R. Loper Jr.: AFS Trans., 1982, vol. 90 (82–120), pp. 509–27.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. L. Backerud, K. Nilson, and H. Steen: Proc. II Symp. on Physical Metallurgy of Cast Iron, B. Lux, F. Mollard, and I. Minkoff, eds., Georgy Publishing Co., St. Shaporin Sweden, 1975, pp. 625–37.

    Google Scholar 

  10. I. Minkoff: Proc. Symp. on Quality Control of Engineering Alloys and the Role of Metal Science, Delft, The Netherlands, 1977, pp. 79–101.

    Google Scholar 

  11. D.D. Double and A. Hellawell: Acta Metall., 1974, vol. 22, pp. 481–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. N. Eustathopoulos: Int. Met. Rev., 1983, vol. 28 (4), pp. 189–210.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. H. Itofuyi, Y. Kawono, S. Yamamoto, N. Inoyama, H. Yoshida, and B. Chang: AFS Trans., 1983, vol. 91 (83–127), pp. 313–24.

    Google Scholar 

  14. B. Lux, W. Bollmann, and M. Grages: Prakt. Metallogr., 1969, vol. 6, pp. 530–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. S. Yamamoto, Y. Kawano, Y. Murakami, B. Chang, and R. Osaki: AFS Trans., 1975, vol. 83 (75–63), pp. 217–26.

    Google Scholar 

  16. H. Itofuyi, Y. Kawono, N. Inoyama, S. Yamamoto, B. Chang, and I. Nishi: AFS Trans., 1983, vol. 91 (83–106), pp. 831–40.

    Google Scholar 

  17. R.D. Bhasar, M. Goreshy, and R.W. Smith: Trans. Jpn. Inst. Met., 1987, vol 28 (10), pp. 808–18.

    Google Scholar 

  18. B. Dhindaw and J.D. Verhoven: Trans. Jpn. Inst. Met., 1983, vol. 24 (2), pp. 71–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. D. Xijun, Z. Peiyue, and L. Qifu: The Physical Metallurgy of Cast Iron, Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings, H. Fredrikson and M. Hillert, eds., North Holland, New York, NY, 1985, pp. 141–50.

    Google Scholar 

  20. A.N. Roviglione and J.D. Hermida: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2002, vol. 33B, pp. 235–41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. A.N. Roviglione: Ph.D. Thesis, Fac. Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata and Buenos Aires, 1998, pp. 7–12.

    Google Scholar 

  22. A.N. Roviglione and J.D. Hermida: Mater. Characterization, 1994, vol. 32, pp. 127–37.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. A.N. Roviglione: Mater. Characterization, 1993, vol. 31 pp. 209–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. B. Lux and W. Kurz: The Solidifications of Metals, ISI Pub. 110, ISI, London, 1968, p. 163.

    Google Scholar 

  25. H. Fredriksson and S.E. Watterfall: in The Metallurgy of Cast Iron, B. Lux, F. Mollard, and I. Minkoff, eds., Georgy Publishing Co., St. Shaporin Sweden, 1975, p. 282 (figs. 6 and 7).

    Google Scholar 

  26. Y.X. Li, B.C. Liu, and C.R. Loper Jr.: AFS Trans., 1990, vol. 98 (90–112), pp. 483–88.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. D.M. Stefanescu, F. Martínez, and L.G. Chen: AFS Trans., 1983, vol. 90 (83–16), pp. 205–16.

    Google Scholar 

  28. M.C. Flemings: Solidification Processing, McGraw Hill Series in Materials Science and Engineering, McGraw Hill, New York, NY, 1974, pp. 68–69 and 323.

    Google Scholar 

  29. D.D. Saratovkin: Dendritic Crystallization, Consultant Bureau Transl., New York, NY, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  30. S. Safran: Statistical Thermodynamics of Surfaces, Interfaces, and Membranes, Frontiers in Physics, vol. 90, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., New York, NY, 1994, p. 103.

    Google Scholar 

  31. N. Eustathopoulos, M.G. Nicholas, and B. Drevet: Wettability at High Temperatures, Pergamon Materials Series, Elsevier Science, New York, NY, 1999, pp. 7, 24, and 43.

    Google Scholar 

  32. J.V. Nadich: Progr. Surf. Memb. Sci., 1981, vol. 14, p. 359.

    Google Scholar 

  33. J.L. Zubimendi, R.C. Salvarezza, L. Vázquez, and A.J. Arvia: Langmuir, 1996, vol. 12, pp. 2–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. J.L. Vicente, E.E. Mola, G. Appignanessi, J.L. Zubimendi, L. Vázquez, R.C. Salvarezza, and A.J. Arvia: Langmuir, 1996, vol. 12, pp. 19–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. W.C. Johnson and H.B. Smart: Metall. Trans. A, 1977, 8A, pp. 533–65.

    Google Scholar 

  36. R.A. Svalin: Thermodynamics of Solids, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1962, pp. 181 and 184.

    Google Scholar 

  37. E. Selçuk and D.H. Kirwood: J. Iron Steel Inst., 1973, Feb., pp. 134–40.

  38. R.D. Peckle and T. Fuwaa: Int. Mater. Rev., 1985, vol. 30 (3), pp. 126–40.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Y. Ueda, M. Takita, Z. Daben, and T. Kishi: Trans. Jpn. Inst. Met., 1986, vol. 27 (1), pp. 76–79.

    Google Scholar 

  40. B.S. Mil’man, N.N. Aleksandrov, V.T. Solenkov, and L.V. Il’icheva: Russ. Casting Production, 1976, May, pp. 179–82.

  41. T. Skaland: Ph.D. Thesis, MI-rapport 1992:9, Mettallurgisk Institutt Trondheim, Universitet I Trondheim Norges Tkniske Hogskøle, Sweden, NTH-TRIKK 1993, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  42. P. Stephen, Timoshenko and James M. Gere: Theory Elastic Stability, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, NY, 1961, pp. 151 and 153.

    Google Scholar 

  43. E.J. Freise and A. Kelly: Proc. R. Soc. A, 1961, vol. 264, pp. 176–269.

    Google Scholar 

  44. B.T. Kelly: Physics of Graphite, Applied Science Publisher, London, 1981, p. 37.

    Google Scholar 

  45. D.D. Double and A. Hellawell: Acta Metall., 1974, vol. 22, pp. 481–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. B. Chalmers: Metalurgia Física, Aguilar S.A., Madrid, España, 1968, p. 34.

    Google Scholar 

  47. B.J. Keene: Int. Mater. Rev., 1988, vol. 33 (1), pp. 1–37.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. the Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y Naval, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CP: 1063, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    A. N. Roviglione (Professor)

  2. the Materials Department, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, CP: 1650, San Martin, Argentina

    J. D. Hermida (Head)

Authors
  1. A. N. Roviglione
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. D. Hermida
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Roviglione, A.N., Hermida, J.D. From flake to nodular: A new theory of morphological modification in gray cast iron. Metall Mater Trans B 35, 313–330 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-004-0032-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-004-0032-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation