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Strain Rate-Dependent Tensile and Fracture Properties of Low-Carbon Ferritic Low-Density Steels

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Abstract

The study investigated the tensile properties of two low-carbon ferritic low-density steels at strain rates of 1 × 10−4 s−1, 1 × 10−3 s−1, and 1 × 10−2 s−1. These steels underwent cold and warm rolling as well as annealing. Various tensile properties were evaluated, including yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, strain hardening exponent, energy absorption up to 10 pct engineering strain, and strain rate sensitivity. The results showed that higher strain rates increased yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and energy absorption in both steels. The strain hardening exponent was determined using the Hollomon and differential Crussard–Jaoul analysis. The electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique were employed to explain the strain hardening response in both steels. Both steels exhibited two distinct stages of deformation, describing their strain hardening behavior. The study observed a decrease in strain rate sensitivity with increasing true strain in both steels. Steel 1 displayed higher strain rate sensitivity than Steel 2, resulting in a delayed necking tendency and higher total elongation. Micrographs of fracture surfaces revealed the presence of quasi-cleavage facets and secondary cracks at strain rates of 1 × 10−3 s−1 and 1 × 10−2 s−1 in both steels. At a lower strain rate of 1 × 10−4 s−1, Steel 1 exhibited a dimple fracture due to its lower strength and higher total elongation, while Steel 2 displayed a quasi-cleavage fracture. The progression of voids in Steel 1 at a strain rate of 1 × 10−4 s−1 was characterized by establishing a relationship between actual thickness strain and the quantity of voids. This analysis provided insights into the steels void formation and growth mechanisms under specific conditions.

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Abbreviations

BCC:

Body centered cubic

RD:

Rolling direction

TD:

Transverse direction

ND:

Normal direction

CR:

Cold rolling

WR:

Warm rolling

FRT:

Finish rolling temperature

A:

Annealing

YS:

Yield strength

UTS:

Ultimate tensile strength

UE:

Uniform elongation

TE:

Total elongation

YR:

Yield ratio

PSE:

Product of UTS and UE

YPE:

Yield point elongation

HV:

Vickers Pyramid Number

SRS:

Strain rate sensitivity

DP:

Dual-phase

\(\sigma_{t}\) :

True stress

\(\varepsilon_{t}\) :

True strain

\(n_{H}\) :

Hollomon strain hardening exponent

n L :

Ludwik strain hardening exponent

K H :

Hollomon material strength coefficient

\(K_{L}\) :

Ludwik material strength coefficient

\(U_{T}\) :

Total energy absorbed up to fracture

\(\sigma_{u}\) :

Ultimate tensile strength

\(\varepsilon_{T}\) :

Engineering strain up to fracture

\(C_{p}\) :

Material constant

\(\dot{\varepsilon }_{t}\) :

True strain rate

\(m\) :

Strain rate sensitivity

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Acknowledgments

The financial support of the work has been received from Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and technology, Government of India (file no.: CRG/2020/001511) under core research grant. One of the authors (AK) is thankful to Professor P. C. Chakraborti, Metallurgical and Material Engineering Department, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India, for useful discussion and for the provision of the research facilities at Metallurgical and Material Engineering Department, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India and Centre of Excellence in Phase Transformation and Product Characterisation, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India, for the Thermo-Calc facility. The authors would also like to thank Central Research Facility, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering and Steel Technology Centre of Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur for providing research facility.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India

    Vinit Kumar Singh & Shiv Brat Singh

  2. Tata Steel, Wenckebachstraat 1, 1970CA, IJmuiden, The Netherlands

    Radhakanta Rana

  3. Department of Metallurgical and Material Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India

    Amrita Kundu

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  1. Vinit Kumar Singh
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Contributions

Vinit Kumar Singh: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Visualization. Radhakanta Rana: Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Review & editing, Data curation. Shiv Brat Singh: Investigation, Visualization, Supervision, Review & editing, Data curation, Project administration, Funding acquisition. Amrita Kundu: Conceptualisation, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Review & editing, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition.

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Correspondence to Vinit Kumar Singh.

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Singh, V.K., Rana, R., Singh, S.B. et al. Strain Rate-Dependent Tensile and Fracture Properties of Low-Carbon Ferritic Low-Density Steels. Metall Mater Trans A 55, 2990–3010 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-024-07453-1

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