Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Graphite–WS2 Copper-Based Self-lubricating Composites Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering

  • Original Research Article
  • Published:
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, nickel-plated graphite/WS2 copper matrix composites with varying contents were prepared using the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. The porosity, mechanical properties, and tribological properties of these composites were investigated. The results indicate that increasing the mass ratio of WS2 to nickel-coated graphite results in higher porosity and lower compressive strength of the composites. The increase in hardness suggests that porosity has a significant effect on compressive strength, and the formation of Cu2S at the Cu–WS2 contact site is the primary reason for this increase. Among the composites, the Cu–20Gr–10WS2 composite exhibits the lowest friction coefficient (0.21) and wear rate (3.35 × 10−5 mm3/nm). This composite also shows a well-developed self-lubricating film and a smooth wear surface. The XPS etching reveals a lubricant film thickness of approximately 14.5 nm, and the main wear mechanism observed is adhesive wear.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. J. Cheng, F. Li, S. Zhu, J. Hao, J. Yang, W. Li, and W. Liu: J. Wear, 2017, vol. 386–387, pp. 39–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. M. Grandin and U. Wiklund: J. Wear, 2018, vol. 398–399, pp. 227–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. K. Rajkumar and S. Aravindan: J. Tribol. Lett., 2010, vol. 37, pp. 131–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. J. Zhen, J. Cheng, S. Zhu, J. Hao, Z. Qiao, J. Yang, and W. Liu: J. Tribol. Int., 2017, vol. 110, pp. 52–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. M.M.H. Bastwros, A.M.K. Esawi, and A. Wifi: J. Wear, 2013, vol. 307, pp. 164–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. S. Huang, Y. Feng, H. Liu, K. Ding, and G. Qian: J. Mater. Sci. Eng.: A, 2013, vol. 560, pp. 685–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. H. Tan, S. Wang, Y. Yu, J. Cheng, S. Zhu, Z. Qiao, and J. Yang: J. Tribol. Int., 2018, vol. 122, pp. 228–35.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. L. Zhang, J. Xiao, and K. Zhou: J. Tribol. Trans., 2012, vol. 55, pp. 473–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. W. Chen, P. Feng, L. Dong, M. Ahangarkani, S. Ren, and Y. Fu: J. Surf. Coat Tech., 2018, vol. 353, pp. 300–08.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. K.H. Cho, U.S. Hong, K.S. Lee, and H. Jang: J. Tribol. Lett., 2007, vol. 27, pp. 301–06.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. C. Ma, G.Q. He, D.H. He, C.S. Chen, and Z.F. Hu: J. Wear, 2008, vol. 265, pp. 1087–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. X.U. Wei, H.U. Rui, J. Li, Y. Zhang, and H. Fu: J. Trans. Nonferr. Met. Soc. China, 2012, vol. 22, pp. 78–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. H. Kato, M. Takama, Y. Iwai, K. Washida, and Y. Sasaki: J. Wear, 2003, vol. 255, pp. 573–78.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. J. Kováčik, Š Emmer, J. Bielek, and L. Keleši: J. Wear, 2008, vol. 265, pp. 417–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. S.F. Moustafa, S.A. El-Badry, A.M. Sanad, and B. Kieback: J. Wear, 2002, vol. 253, pp. 699–710.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. R. Voitovitch, A. Mortensen, F. Hodaj, and N. Eustathopoulos: J. Acta Mater., 1999, vol. 47, pp. 1117–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. L. Yang, P. Shen, Q. Lin, F. Qiu, and Q. Jiang: J. Mater. Chem. Phys., 2010, vol. 124, pp. 499–503.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. L. Yang, P. Shen, Q. Lin, F. Qiu, and Q. Jiang: J. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2011, vol. 257, pp. 6276–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. H. Cao, Z. Qian, L. Zhang, J. Xiao, and K. Zhou: J. Tribol. Trans., 2014, vol. 57, pp. 1037–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. R. Tyagi, R. Tyagi, A.K. Das, and A. Mandal: J. Tribol. Int., 2018, vol. 120, pp. 80–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. L. Zhao, P. Yao, T. Gong, H. Zhou, M. Deng, Z. Wang, Z. Zhang, Y. Xiao, and F. Luo: J. Tribol. Lett., 2019, vol. 67, p. 98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. J.L. Li and D.S. Xiong: J. Wear, 2008, vol. 265, pp. 533–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. G. Xian, R. Walter, and F. Haupert: J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2006, vol. 102, pp. 2391–2400.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. X. Li, Y. Gao, J. Xing, Y. Wang, and L. Fang: J. Wear, 2004, vol. 257, pp. 279–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Q. Wang, X. Zhang, and X. Pei: J. J MACROMOL SCI B, 2010, vol. 50, pp. 213–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. X. Liang, P. Wu, L. Lan, Y. Wang, Y. Ning, Y, Wang, and Y. Qin: J/OL. Materials, 2023, vol. 16

  27. D. Jiang, Z. Jiang, J. Zhang, P. Lin, B. Peng, H. Zhang, J. Liao, W. Li, and J. Zou: J. ChemistrySelect, 2020, vol. 5, pp. 14331–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. X. Wang, Y. Su, Q. Ouyang, and D. Zhang: J. Alloys Compd., 2022, vol. 916, p. 165318.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. N. Hiraoka: J. Wear, 2001, vol. 249, pp. 1014–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Shuang-Ding C S-Y X R-R L C-S Z: J. Northeastern Univ., 2007, vol. 9, pp. 1285–88

  31. Z.A. Munir and M. Ohyanagi: J. Mater. Sci., 2021, vol. 56, pp. 1–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. X. Liu, X. Shi, G. Lu, X. Deng, H. Zhou, Z. Yan, Y. Chen, and B. Xue: J. Alloys Compd., 2019, vol. 777, pp. 271–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Y. Liang, Y. Che: J. Northeast University Press, 1993

  34. J.-K. Xiao, W. Zhang, L.-M. Liu, L. Zhang, and C. Zhang: J. Wear, 2017, vol. 384–385, pp. 61–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Y. Xie, X. Meng, Y. Chang, D. Mao, Z. Qin, L. Wan, and Y. Huang: J. Adv. Sci., 2022, vol. 9, p. 2104464.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Y. Xie, X. Meng, Y. Chang, D. Mao, Y. Yang, Y. Xu, L. Wan, and Y. Huang: J. Compos. Sci. Technol., 2022, vol. 219, p. 109225.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. R. Zang, Y. Xie, J. Liu, X. Meng, Y. Huang, and L. Wan: J. Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2022, vol. 53, pp. 3210–5321.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. J. Ruan and P H. J. China Machinery Industry Press, 1982, vol. 326

  39. Y. Yin, C. Du, Z. Zheng, T. Xie, K. Liu, and Y. Wu: J. Chin. J. Nonferr. Met., 2006, vol. 16, pp. 1895–1901.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. V.V. Gorskii, A.N. Gripachevskii, A.V. Vereshchak, B.M. Krivitskii, and V.A. Tsitovich: J. Powder Metall. Met. C+, 1993, vol. 32, pp. 308–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. W.J. Zhang. Yangzhou University, 2019

  42. Su. Yunfeng, Y. Zhang, J. Song, and Hu. Litian: J. Wear, 2017, vol. 372–373, pp. 130–38.

    Google Scholar 

  43. N. Argibay, T.F. Babuska, J.F. Curry, M.T. Dugger, P. Lu, D.P. Adams, B.L. Nation, B.L. Doyle, M. Pham, A. Pimentel, C. Mowry, A.R. Hinkle, and M. Chandross: J. Carbon, 2018, vol. 138, pp. 61–68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. K.P. Furlan, D.E. Mello, and A.N. Klein: J. Tribol. Int., 2018, vol. 120, pp. 280–98.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Y. Xian, Z. Zou, C. Tu, Y. Ding, T. Liao, F. Zhang, Q. Luo, G. Wu, and G. Gao: J. Alloys Compd., 2020, vol. 835, p. 155444.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. R.G. Chandrakanth, K. Rajkumar, and S.J. Aravindan: Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2010, vol. 48, pp. 645–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. N. Tian, L.L. Dong, H.L. Wang, Y.Q. Fu, W.T. Huo, Y. Liu, J.S. Yu, and Y.S. Zhang: J. Alloys Compd., 2021, vol. 867, p. 159093.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Y. Xiao, Z. Zhang, P. Yao, K. Fan, H. Zhou, T. Gong, L. Zhao, and M. Deng: J. Tribol. Int., 2018, vol. 119, pp. 585–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. C.-F. Han, H.-Y. Chu, R.-Y. Luo, N.-T. Liao, C.-C. Wei, G.-L. Chen, P.-H. Tsai, Y.-L. Chiu, Y.-C. Hwang, and J.-F. Lin: J. Wear, 2018, vol. 406–407, pp. 126–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. S. Fan, L. Zhang, L. Cheng, G. Tian, and S. Yang: J. Compos. Sci. Technol., 2010, vol. 70, pp. 959–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. J. Zhang, Xu. Yongdong, L. Zhang, and L. Cheng: Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol., 2007, vol. 4, pp. 463–69.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. B. Lin, H. Wang, J. Wei, W. Zheng, Y. Ma, J. Wang, and T. Sui: J. Ceram. Int., 2021, vol. 47, pp. 8627–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Y. Zhan and G. Zhang: J. Mater. Des., 2006, vol. 27, pp. 79–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. J.F. Archard: J. Nature, 1953, vol. 172, pp. 918–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province of China (2022NSFSC0325), Application foundation project of Sichuan Science and Technology department (no. 2021YJ0346) and State Key Laboratory of Long-life High-Temperature Materials (DTCC28EE200795).

Author Contributions

YL: Data curation, Writing—original draft preparation; YZ: Software; YL: Supervision; XW: Software, Validation; JH: Writing—review and editing; MY: Conceptualization, Methodology.

Data Availability

All data and models generated or used during the study appear in the submitted article.

Competing interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, P.R. China

    Yongdu Li, Xiaohong Wang, Junjie Huang & Mei Yang

  2. Sichuan Petroleum Construction Co. Ltd, Chengdu, 610213, P.R. China

    Yuan Zhang & Yang Li

Authors
  1. Yongdu Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yuan Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yang Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Xiaohong Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Junjie Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Mei Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mei Yang.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, Y. et al. Graphite–WS2 Copper-Based Self-lubricating Composites Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering. Metall Mater Trans A 54, 4905–4918 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-023-07212-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-023-07212-8

Search

Navigation