Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A CFD Study on Intergranular Liquid Feeding and Cracking During Solidification in Welding

  • Original Research Article
  • Published:
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

An alloy tends to solidify with columnar dendritic grains in welding. Unless compensated by liquid feeding through intergranular channels, solidification shrinkage and transverse tension can cause intergranular gap formation, i.e., cracking. A steady-state axisymmetric numerical model of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was developed to calculate the resistance to liquid feeding by the grains, i.e., liquid pressure drop along the channel. The calculated liquid pressure drop was adopted as the susceptibility to solidification cracking, using binary Al-Cu and Al-Mg alloys as examples. The relative susceptibility of the two alloys calculated was compared with that observed in welding.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. M.C. Flemings: Solidification Processing, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974, pp. 252–56.

    Google Scholar 

  2. S. Kou: Welding Metallurgy, 3rd ed. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2021, pp. 323–77.

    Google Scholar 

  3. U. Feurer: Giesserei Forsch., 1976, vol. 2, pp. 75–80.

    Google Scholar 

  4. M. Rappaz, J.M. Drezet, and M. Gremaud: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1999, vol. 30(2), pp. 449–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. T.S. Piwonka and M.C. Flemings: Trans. AIME, 1966, vol. 236, pp. 1157–65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. D.G. Eskin and L. Katgerman: Prog. Mater. Sci., 2004, vol. 49(5), pp. 629–711.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Y. Li, H. Li, L. Katgerman, Q. Du, J. Zhang, and L. Zhuang: Prog. Mater. Sci., 2021, vol. 117, p. 100741.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. S. Kou: Acta Mater., 2015, vol. 88, pp. 366–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. S. Kou: Weld. J., 2015, vol. 94, pp. 374–88.

    Google Scholar 

  10. J. Liu and S. Kou: Acta Mater., 2016, vol. 110, pp. 84–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. J. Liu and S. Kou: Acta Mater., 2017, vol. 125, pp. 513–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. J. Liu, P. Zeng, and S. Kou: Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2021, vol. 26(3), pp. 244–57.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. K. Liu and S. Kou: Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2020, vol. 25(3), pp. 251–57.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. T. Soysal: Weld. World, 2021, vol. 65(10), pp. 1943–54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. R. Giorjao, B. Sutton, and A. Ramirez: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2021, vol. A52(6), pp. 2512–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. J. Liu, Y. Wu, and S. Kou: Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2021, vol. 26(8), pp. 614–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. J. Liu, Y. Wu, P. Hu, and S. Kou: Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2022, vol. 27(5), pp. 319–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. W. Kurz and D.J. Fisher: Fundamentals of Solidification, 4th ed. Trans Tech Publications, Aedermannsdorf, 1998, pp. 234–35.

    Google Scholar 

  19. M. Hirai: ISIJ Int., 1993, vol. 33(2), pp. 251–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. J. Liu, H.P. Duarte, and S. Kou: Acta Mater., 2017, vol. 122, pp. 47–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. D.R. Poirier and G.H. Geiger: Transport Phenomena in Materials Processing, TMS Publications, Warrendale PA, 1994, p. 432.

    Google Scholar 

  22. J. Liu and S. Kou: Acta Mater., 2015, vol. 100, pp. 359–68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. I.I. Novikov: Russ. Cast. Prod., 1962, vol. 4, pp. 167–72.

    Google Scholar 

  24. J.A. Spittle and A.A. Cushway: Met. Technol., 1983, vol. 10, pp. 6–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. W.I. Pumphrey and J.V. Lyons: J. Inst. Met., 1948, vol. 74, pp. 439–55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. C.E. Cross and D.L. Olson, in: Aluminum Alloys Their Physical and Mechanical Properties, vol. III, Conference Proceedings, Charlotsville, VA, 1986, pp. 1869–75

  27. R.A. Rosenberg, M.C. Flemings, and H.F. Taylor: Trans. Am. Foundry Soc., 1960, vol. 68, pp. 518–28.

    Google Scholar 

  28. J.D. Dowd: Weld. J., 1952, vol. 31, pp. 448s–456s.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Y. Arata, F. Matsuda, and S. Katayama: Trans. JWRI, 1976, vol. 6(1), pp. 105–106.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Jiangwei Liu was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51804348) and Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 2020JJ5734). Sindo Kou was supported by the National Science Foundation of the United States (Grant No. DMR 1904503).

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P.R. China

    Jiangwei Liu & Pengfei Hu

  2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA

    Sindo Kou

Authors
  1. Jiangwei Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Pengfei Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sindo Kou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sindo Kou.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Liu, J., Hu, P. & Kou, S. A CFD Study on Intergranular Liquid Feeding and Cracking During Solidification in Welding. Metall Mater Trans A 54, 4342–4355 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-023-07169-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-023-07169-8

Search

Navigation