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Explaining the Abnormal Dilatation Behavior During the Austenite Formation in a Microstructure of a Low-Carbon Low-Alloy Steel Containing Retained Austenite

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Abstract

During continuous heating of a low-carbon low-alloy steel in a dilatometer, an abnormal macroscopic expansion has been observed in the length change of the sample during the onset of austenite formation. Such abnormal expansion behavior is also detected in the literature data with similar initial microstructures and heating rates on various steels. Here, this work investigates the causes and consequences of this abnormal expansion using in situ high-energy X-ray diffraction analysis. According to the volume investigated by diffraction, a significant amount of austenite forms before the onset of the macroscopic contraction of the sample associated with the bainite-to-austenite transformation. The delay in the macroscopic contraction is due to the retained austenite lattice expansion, arising from the concentration inhomogeneities in this phase produced by carbides dissolution during austenitization. The retained austenite lattice expansion manifests as a macroscopic expansion in the length change of the sample. Such abnormal expansion results in a significant overestimation of the Ac1 temperature, and a systematic shift in the austenite formation kinetics determined by dilatometry in comparison with X-ray diffraction.

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Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge DESY for the provision of beamtime and Norbert Schell and Andreas Stark from Helmholtz-Center-Geesthacht at beamline P07 (PETRA III-DESY) for support during the synchrotron experiments. W.L.B. thanks to Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES—Grant Number 1844/2017/process 88881.142485/2017-01) for the scholarship.

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On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Industrial Technical College, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil

    William Lemos Bevilaqua

  2. Leibniz Institute for Materials Engineering-IWT Bremen, Badgasteiner Str. 3, 28359, Bremen, Germany

    Jérémy Epp

  3. MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Badgasteiner Str. 3, 28359, Bremen, Germany

    Jérémy Epp

  4. Post-Graduation Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering (PPGE3M), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil

    Alexandre da Silva Rocha

  5. R&D, Steeltec AG, Werkstrasse 11, 6020, Emmenbrücke, Switzerland

    Hans Roelofs

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  1. William Lemos Bevilaqua
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  2. Jérémy Epp
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  3. Alexandre da Silva Rocha
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Correspondence to William Lemos Bevilaqua.

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Bevilaqua, W.L., Epp, J., da Silva Rocha, A. et al. Explaining the Abnormal Dilatation Behavior During the Austenite Formation in a Microstructure of a Low-Carbon Low-Alloy Steel Containing Retained Austenite. Metall Mater Trans A 54, 3349–3357 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-023-07105-w

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-023-07105-w

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