Abstract
Thirty-five ‘apparently’ recrystallized specimens were produced through a combination of cold rolling and recrystallization annealing. They had a range of average grain size (dav:18-467 μm), grain orientation spread (GOS: 0.31 to 1.24 deg) and volume fraction of ND||<111> (\({V}_{f}^{ND||<111>}\): 0.15-0.69). The GOS value, for individual grains or for an entire specimen, represented presence of ‘remnant’ cold work – existence of geometrically necessary dislocations and ‘minor’ orientation gradients. The resistance to aqueous corrosion was determined by this ‘remnant’ cold work, and not by average grain size or crystallographic texture. The role of mesoscopic distribution in plastic deformation, and the features of deformed microstructure, were then explored on the resistance to aqueous corrosion. Progressive plastic deformation, through laboratory cold rolling, brought reproducible non-monotonic corrosion responses. In particular, an increase in corrosion resistance (0 to 30 pct rolled) was followed by a drop (30-40 pct) and then an increase (> 40 pct rolling). These changes originated from the evolution in deformed microstructures: formation of near boundary orientation gradients and creation of low and high angle boundaries, respectively. A combination of microtexture and non-contact profilometry clearly established that deformation induced near boundary orientation gradients and grain-interior high angle grain boundaries provided resistance to aqueous corrosion, while low angle boundaries were detrimental.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
B. Verlinden, J. Driver, I. Samajdar, and R.D. Doherty: Thermo-Mechanical Processing of Metallic Materials. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2007.
D. Dwivedi, K. Lepková, and T. Becker: RSC Adv., 2017, vol. 7, pp. 4580–610. .
W.B. Hutchinson: Int. Met. Rev., 1984, vol. 29, pp. 25–40. .
R.K. Ray, J.J. Jonas, and R.E. Hook: Int. Mater. Re., 1994, vol. 39, pp. 129–72. .
S. Hoile: Mater. Sci. Technol., 2000, vol. 16, pp. 1079–93. .
I. Samajdar, B. Verlinden, and P. Van Houtte: Acta Mater., 1998, vol. 46, pp. 2751–63. .
I. Samajdar, B. Verlinden, L. Kestens, and P. Van Houtte: Acta Mater., 1998, vol. 47, pp. 55–65. .
R. Khatirkar, B. Vadavadagi, A. Haldar, and I. Samajdar: ISIJ Int., 2012, vol. 52, pp. 894–901. .
Y. Ma, Y. Li, and F. Wang: Corros. Sci., 2010, vol. 52, pp. 1796–800. .
I.I. Reformatskaya, I.G. Rodionova, Y.A. Bejlin, L.A. Nisel’son, and A.N. Podobaev: Zashchita Met., 2004, vol. 40, pp. 498–504. .
C.S. Brossia and G.A. Cragnolino: Corrosion., 2000, vol. 56, pp. 505–14. .
K.D. Ralston and N. Birbilis: Corrosion., 2010, vol. 66, pp. 0750051–07500513. .
K.D. Ralston, N. Birbilis, and C.H.J. Davies: Scr. Mater., 2010, vol. 63, pp. 1201–4. .
K.D. Ralston, D. Fabijanic, and N. Birbilis: Electrochim. Acta., 2011, vol. 56, pp. 1729–36. .
Y. Li, F. Wang, and G. Liu: Corrosion., 2004, vol. 60, pp. 891–6. .
C. Lei, X. Chen, Y. Li, Y. Chen, and B. Yang: Metals., 2019, vol. 9, pp. 872–83. .
B. Hadzima, M. Janeček, Y. Estrin, and H.S. Kim: Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 2007, vol. 462, pp. 243–7. .
G.P. Singh, A.P. Moon, S. Sengupta, G. Deo, S. Sangal, and K. Mondal: J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2015, vol. 24, pp. 1961–74. .
W.D.J. France: Corrosion., 1970, vol. 26, pp. 189–99. .
J. Jelinek, P. Neufeldt, and G.A. Pickup: Br. Corros. J., 1978, vol. 13, pp. 112–7. .
N.D. Greene and G.A. Saltzman: Corrosion., 1964, vol. 20, pp. 293–8. .
Y.S. Zhang and X.M. Zhu: Corros. Sci., 1999, vol. 41, pp. 1817–33. .
S.A. Al-Duheisat and A.S. El-Amoush: Mater. Des., 2016, vol. 89, pp. 342–7. .
Z.A. Foroulis and H.H. Uhlig: J. Electrochem. Soc., 1964, vol. 111, p. 522. .
R. Mondal, S.K. Bonagani, A. Lodh, T. Sharma, P.V. Sivaprasad, G. Chai, V. Kain, and I. Samajdar: Corrosion., 2019, vol. 75, pp. 1315–26. .
R. Mondal, A. Rajagopal, S.K. Bonagani, A. Prakash, D. Fuloria, P.V. Sivaprasad, G. Chai, V. Kain, and I. Samajdar: Metall. Mater. Trans. A., 2020, vol. 51, pp. 2480–94. .
R. Mondal, S. Kumar Bonagani, P. Raut, P.V. Sivaprasad, G. Chai, V. Kain, and I. Samajdar: J. Electrochem. Soc., 2020, vol. 167, p. 101501. .
B.T. Lu, H. Yu, and J.L. Luo: J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2013, vol. 22, pp. 1430–5. .
C. Montero-Ocampo and L. Veleva: Corrosion., 2002, vol. 58, pp. 601–7. .
R. Rana, S.B. Singh, and O.N. Mohanty: Corros. Eng. Sci. Technol., 2011, vol. 46, pp. 517–20. .
I. Samusawa and S. Nakayama: Corros. Sci., 2019, vol. 159, p. 108122. .
I. Samajdar, B. Verlinden, P. Van Houtte, and D. Vanderschueren: Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 1997, vol. 238, pp. 343–50. .
M.R. Barnett and J.J. Jonas: ISIJ Int., 1997, vol. 37, pp. 697–705. .
G.H. Akbari and C.M. Sellars: Acta Metall., 1997, vol. 45, pp. 5047–58. .
V.M. Nandedkar, I. Samajdar, and K. Narasimhan: ISIJ Int., 2001, vol. 41, pp. 1517–23. .
B.L. Li, A. Godfrey, Q.C. Meng, Q. Liu, and N. Hansen: Acta Mater., 2004, vol. 52, pp. 1069–81. .
R. Khatirkar, K.V. Mani Krishna, L.A.I. Kestens, R.H. Petrov, P. Pant, and I. Samajdar: Mater. Sci. Forum., 2011, vol. 702–703, pp. 782–5. .
I. Samajdar, B. Verlinden, P. Van Houtte, and D. Vanderschueren: Scr. Mater., 1997, vol. 37, pp. 869–74. .
M. Pourbaix: Corros. Sci., 1974, vol. 14, pp. 25–82. .
N. Perez: Electrochemistry and corrosion science. vol. 412, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 2004.
ASTM NACE Standard, G31-12a, Standard Guide for Laboratory Immersion Corrosion Testing of Metals, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012
P. Pearson and A. Cousins: Assessment of Corrosion Inamine-Based Post-Combustion Capture of Carbon Dioxide Systems. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2016.
I. Saunders: Anti-Corros. Methods Mater., 1996, vol. 43, pp. 21–5. .
ASTM Standard G59-97 (Reapproved 2014) Standard Test Method for Conducting Potentiodynamic Polarization Resistance Measurements. ASTM International (West Conshohocken, PA, USA (2014).
ASTM Standard G106 − 89 (Reapproved 2015) Standard Practice for Verification of Algorithm and Equipment for Electrochemical Impedance Measurements. ASTM International (West Conshohocken, PA, USA 2015).
J.R. Macdonald and E. Barsoukov: Impedance spectroscopy: theory, experiment, and applications. 2nd ed. Wiley, Hoboken, 2005, pp. 1–13.
ASTM Standard G102 − 89 (Reapproved 1994) Standard Practice for Calculation of Corrosion Rate and related Information from Electrochemical Measurements. ASTM International (West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 1989).
N. Srinivasan, V. Kain, N. Birbilis, K.V. Mani Krishna, S. Shekhawat, and I. Samajdar: Corros. Sci., 2015, vol. 100, pp. 544–55. .
M.H. Alvi, S.W. Cheong, J.P. Suni, H. Weiland, and A.D. Rollett: Acta Mater., 2008, vol. 56, pp. 3098–108. .
S. Raveendra, S. Mishra, K.V. Mani Krishna, H. Weiland, and I. Samajdar: Metall. Mater. Trans. A., 2008, vol. 39, pp. 2760–71. .
D. Raabe, Z. Zhao, S.J. Park, and F. Roters: Acta Mater., 2002, vol. 50, pp. 421–40. .
L.S. Tóth, Y. Estrin, R. Lapovok, and C. Gu: Acta Mater., 2010, vol. 58, pp. 1782–94. .
S.K. Mishra, P. Pant, K. Narasimhan, A.D. Rollett, and I. Samajdar: Scr. Mater., 2009, vol. 61, pp. 273–6. .
N. Keskar, S. Mukherjee, K.V. Mani Krishna, D. Srivastava, G.K. Dey, P. Pant, R.D. Doherty, and I. Samajdar: Acta Mater., 2014, vol. 69, pp. 265–74. .
A. Schreiber, J.W. Schultze, M.M. Lohrengel, F. Kármán, and E. Kálmán: Electrochim. Acta., 2006, vol. 51, pp. 2625–30. .
M.T. Simnad and U.R. Evans: Trans. Faraday Soc., 1950, vol. 46, pp. 175–86. .
Z.A. Foroulis: Corros. Sci., 1965, vol. 5, pp. 39–46. .
Z.A. Foroulis: J. Electrochem. Soc., 1966, vol. 113, pp. 532–6. .
S.G. Wang, C.B. Shen, K. Long, T. Zhang, F.H. Wang, and Z.D. Zhang: J. Phys. Chem. B., 2006, vol. 110, pp. 377–82. .
G. Ma, G. Wu, W. Shi, S. Xiang, Q. Chen, and X. Mao: Corros. Sci., 2020, vol. 176, pp. 1–10. .
T. Yamamoto, K. Fushimi, S. Miura, and H. Konno: J. Electrochem. Soc., 2010, vol. 157, p. C231. .
G.I. Taylor: J. Inst. Met., 1938, vol. 62, p. 62. .
J.P. Hirth: Metall. Trans. A., 1985, vol. 16, pp. 2085–90. .
J. Galán-López and L.A.I. Kestens: Metall. Mater. Trans. A., 2018, vol. 49, pp. 5745–62. .
D. Peirce, R.J. Asaro, and A. Needleman: Acta Metall., 1982, vol. 30, pp. 1087–119. .
A. Korbel, J.D. Embury, M. Hatherly, P.L. Martin, and H.W. Erbsloh: Acta Metall., 1986, vol. 34, pp. 1999–2009. .
B. Bay, N. Hansen, D.A. Hughes, and D. Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf: Acta Metall. Mater., 1992, vol. 40, pp. 205–19. .
N. Zhang and W. Tong: Int. J. Plast., 2004, vol. 20, pp. 523–42. .
S.K. Mishra, S.G. Desai, P. Pant, K. Narasimhan, and I. Samajdar: Int. J. Mater. Form., 2009, vol. 2, pp. 59–67. .
E. Aernoudt, P. Van Houtte, T. Leffers. "Plastic Deformation and Fracture of Materials, ed. by H. Mughrabi, (Vol. 6 of Materials Science and Technology: A comprehensive trea™ent, ed. by RW Cahn, P. Haasen and EJ Kramer)." (1993) p. 89–136.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to acknowledge financial and technical support from CoEST (Centre of Excellence in Steel Technology, IIT Bombay). Supply of the material from Tata™ Steel, and microstructure measurements at the National Facility of Texture and OIM (IIT Bombay) are also acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Manuscript submitted 26 January 2021; accepted 23 July 2021.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khan, M.I., Prakash, A., Mehtani, H.K. et al. The Defining Role of Plastic Deformation on Resistance to Aqueous Corrosion of Interstitial Free Steel. Metall Mater Trans A 52, 4597–4608 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06412-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06412-4