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Numerical Prediction and Experimental Validation of the Microstructure of Bearing Steel Ball Formation in Warm Skew Rolling

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Abstract

Direct deformation spheroidization (DDS) of carbides in warm conditions can improve the microstructure and performance of bearing steel. In this study, based on the carbide spheroidization mechanism, a set of multiaxial constitutive equations was developed to predict the microstructure evolution of bearing steel 52100 during warm skew rolling (SR). The derived multiaxial constitutive equations were implemented in DEFORM-3D software through a user subroutine. FE simulation of warm SR was performed to predict the formation and microstructure evolution of bearing steel balls (BSBs). The distribution of the normalized dislocation density, carbide phase transformation fraction and carbide spheroidization fraction within BSBs was predicted via FE simulation of warm SR. To validate the FE simulation results, warm SR experiments were conducted to produce BSB specimens with 30 mm diameter. The microstructure of BSB specimens was observed to analyze their microstructure distribution in the longitudinal and transversal sections. The predicted and experimental results were compared, and the results show that the predicted carbide spheroidization distribution agrees well with the experimental results. This indicates that the formation and microstructure of BSB during warm SR can be predicted well using the derived multiaxial constitutive equations.

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Acknowledgments

This project is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51805314), National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFB1307900), Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (Grant No. 16030501200), Shanghai University of Engineering and Science (Grant Nos. E3-0903-17-01006 and E3-0501-18-01002).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, P.R. China

    Yuanming Huo & Tao He

  2. School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China

    Baoyu Wang & Zhenhua Zheng

  3. School of Material Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, P.R. China

    Yong Xue

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  1. Yuanming Huo
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  2. Tao He
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  4. Zhenhua Zheng
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Correspondence to Yuanming Huo or Tao He.

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Manuscript submitted July 20, 2019.

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Huo, Y., He, T., Wang, B. et al. Numerical Prediction and Experimental Validation of the Microstructure of Bearing Steel Ball Formation in Warm Skew Rolling. Metall Mater Trans A 51, 1254–1263 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05589-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05589-z

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