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The Strength–Grain Size Relationship in Ultrafine-Grained Metals

  • Symposium: Micromechanics of Advanced Materials III in Honor of J.C.M. Li
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Abstract

Metals processed by severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques, such as equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) and high-pressure torsion (HPT), generally have submicrometer grain sizes. Consequently, they exhibit high strength as expected on the basis of the Hall–Petch (H–P) relationship. Examples of this behavior are discussed using experimental data for Ti, Al, and Ni. These materials typically have grain sizes greater than ~50 nm where softening is not expected. An increase in strength is usually accompanied by a decrease in ductility. However, both high strength and high ductility may be achieved simultaneously by imposing high strain to obtain ultrafine-grain sizes and high fractions of high-angle grain boundaries. This facilitates grain boundary sliding, and an example is presented for a cast Al-7 pct Si alloy processed by HPT. In some materials, SPD may result in a weakening even with a very fine grain size, and this is due to microstructural changes during processing. Examples are presented for an Al-7034 alloy processed by ECAP and a Zn-22 pct Al alloy processed by HPT. In some SPD-processed materials, it is possible that grain boundary segregation and other features are present leading to higher strengths than predicted by the H–P relationship.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are especially grateful to Jim Li for several decades of friendship and collaboration. NB acknowledges the financial support from the organizers for his participation in the TMS J.C.M. Li symposium in Columbus, OH, in October 2015. The work of TGL was supported by the National Science Foundation of the United States under Grant No. DMR-1160966.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-1453, USA

    N. Balasubramanian (Visiting Scholar) & Terence G. Langdon (Emeritus Professor)

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  1. N. Balasubramanian
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  2. Terence G. Langdon
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Correspondence to Terence G. Langdon.

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Manuscript submitted December 28, 2015.

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Balasubramanian, N., Langdon, T.G. The Strength–Grain Size Relationship in Ultrafine-Grained Metals. Metall Mater Trans A 47, 5827–5838 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-016-3499-2

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