Effect of Upper-Cycle Temperature on the Load-Biased, Strain-Temperature Response of NiTi

Abstract

Over the past decade, interest in shape-memory-alloy based actuators has increased as the primary benefits of these solid-state devices have become more apparent. However, much is still unknown about the characteristic behavior of these materials when used in actuator applications. Recently, we showed that the maximum temperature reached during thermal cycling under isobaric conditions could significantly affect the observed mechanical response of NiTi (55 wt pct Ni), especially the amount of transformation strain available for actuation and thus work output. The investigation we report here extends that original work to (1) ascertain whether increases in the upper-cycle temperature would produce additional changes in the work output of the material, which has a stress-free austenite finish temperature of 386 K (113 °C), and (2) determine the optimum cyclic conditions. Thus, isobaric, thermal-cycle experiments were conducted on the aforementioned alloy at various stresses from 50 to 300 MPa using upper-cycle temperatures of 438 K, 473 K, 503 K, 533 K, 563 K, 593 K, and 623 K (165 °C, 200 °C, 230 °C, 260 °C, 290 °C, 320 °C, and 350 °C). The data indicated that the amount of applied stress influenced the transformation strain, as would be expected. However, the maximum temperature reached during the thermal excursion also plays an equally significant role in determining the transformation strain, with the maximum transformation strain observed during thermal cycling to 563 K (290 °C). In situ neutron diffraction at stress and temperature showed that the differences in transformation strain were mostly related to changes in martensite texture when cycling to different upper-cycle temperatures. Hence, understanding this effect is important to optimizing the operation of SMA-based actuators and could lead to new methods for processing and training shape-memory alloys for optimal performance.