Abstract
After hydrogen concentration, gradients in austenitic-type stainless steels, formed during electrochemical charging and followed by hydrogen loss during aging at room temperature, surface stresses, and martensitic phases α′-bcc and ε-hcp, developed. Phase quantitative X-ray surface analysis of distributions of martensitic phases in a thin layer, comparable to the penetration depth of X-rays, based on diffraction data taken for various diffraction reflections (2θ, Bragg’s angles) and with various radiations (λ-wavelengths) was applied for various degrees of the type steel in the surface layers. An examination of the relationships between γ-phase transitions in a number of stainless steels and their γ stability revealed that the stability of the γ phase increased (S stability factor changed from 26.5 in AISI 321 to 44 in AISI 310), the amount of α′-martensites (from 25 pct in AISI 347 to 0 pct in AISI 310) decreased, and ε-martensites (from 48 pct in AISI 310 to 77 pct in AISI 321) increased, while the depth (from 6.2 μm in AISI 321 to 3 μm in AISI 310) of the martensitic phases decreased. Deformation and fracture experiments were carried out at room temperature in a high-resolution transmission electron microscope with single-axis tilt tensile stage and environmental cell. The principal effect of hydrogen was to decrease the stress required for dislocation motion, for phase transformation of the austenite, and for crack propagation. Formation of ε- and α′-martensite was noted along the fracture surfaces and in front of the crack tip. The cracks propagated through the ε-martensite plates, which formed along the active slip planes, while α′ phase was always found in the high stress regions.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
LECO is a trademark of LECO Corporation, St. Joseph, MI.
References
M. Holzwort and M. Louthan Jr.: Corrosion, 1968, vol. 24, pp. 110–24.
H. Okada, Y. Hosoi, and S. Abe: Corrosion, 1970, vol. 26, pp. 183–89.
M. Rigsbee: Metallography, 1978, vol. 11, pp. 493–98.
A. Inoue, T. Hosoya, and T. Masumoto: Trans. Iron Steel Inst., 1979, vol. 19, pp. 170–79.
H. Hanninen and T. Hakarainen: Corrosion, 1980, vol. 36, pp. 47–51.
H. Mathias, Y. Katz, and S. Nadiv: Mater. Sci., 1978, vol. 12, pp. 129–37.
N. Narita, C.J. Altstetter, and H.K. Birnbaum: Metall. Trans. A, 1982, vol. 13A, pp. 1355–64.
A. Szummer and A. Janko: Corrosion, 1979, vol. 35, pp. 461–66.
Q. Yang and L.J. Luo: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2000, vol. 288, pp. 75–83.
L.S. Zevin, P. Rozenak, and D. Eliezer: J. Appl. Cryst., 1984, vol. 18, pp. 267–71.
P. Rozenak and R. Bergman: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2006, vol. 437(2), pp. 336–78.
P. Rozenak and D. Eliezer: Mater. Sci. Eng., 1984, vol. 67, pp. L1–L4.
P. Rozenak and D. Eliezer: J. Mater. Sci., 1984, vol. 19, pp. 3873–79.
P. Rozenak and D. Eliezer: Acta Metall., 1987, vol. 35(9), pp. 2329–40.
D.G. Ulmert and C.J. Altsetetter: Acta Metall. Mater., 1993, vol. 41, pp. 2235–41.
A.P. Bentley and G.C. Smith: Metall. Trans. A, 1986, vol. 17A, pp. 1593–1600.
M. Hoezel, S.A. Danilkin, H. Ehrenberg, D.M. Toebbens, T.J. Udovic, H. Fuess, and H. Wipf: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2004, vol. 384, pp. 255–61.
M. Hoelzel, V. Rajevac, S.A. Danilkin, T.J. Udovic, H. Wipf, and H. Fuess: J. Phys.: Condens. Mater., 2005, vol. 17, pp. 3537–46.
P. Rozenak and D. Eliezer: Metall. Trans. A, 1988, vol. 19A, pp. 723–30.
Elements of X-Ray Diffraction, 2nd ed., B.D. Cullity and M. Cohen, eds., Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., Boston, MA, 1978.
G.H. Eichelman and F.C. Hull: Trans. Am. Soc. Met., 1953, vol. 45, pp. 77–85.
S. Floreen and J.R. Mihalisim: ASTM Spec. Technol. Pub., 1965, vol. 369, pp. 17–21.
A. Atrens, J.J. Bellina, N.J. Fiore, and R. Coye: in The Metal Science of Stainless Steels, E. Collings and H. King, eds., American Institute of Engineers, New York, NY, 1979, pp. 54–69.
A. Kummick and H.H. Johnson: Metall. Trans., 1975, vol. 61, pp. 169–76.
H.S. Carslaw and J.C. Jaeger: Conduction of Heat in Solid, Clarendon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 1959.
A.N. Tikhonow and A.A. Samarskii: Equations of Mathematical Physics, Pergamon Press, New York, NY, 1963.
P. Rozenak, I.M. Robertson, and H.K. Birnbaum: Acta Metall. Mater., 1990, vol. 38 (11), pp. 2031–40.
H.G. Wilsdorf: Acta Metall., 1982, vol. 30, pp. 1247–56.
R.L. Lyles Jr. and H.G. Wilsdorf: Acta Metall., 1975, vol. 23, pp. 269–76.
P. Rozenak, L. Zevin, and D. Eliezer: J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1982, vol. 2, pp. 63–66.
P. Rozenak: J. Mater. Sci., 1990, vol. 9, pp. 627–29.
P. Rozenak: Mater. Sci. Eng., 1990, vol. A128, pp. 91–97.
A.E. Pontini and J.D. Hermida: Scripta Mater., 1997, vol. 37(11), pp. 1831–37.
D. Hargie and D. Dong: Br. Corros. J., 1994, vol., 29(2), pp. 156–60.
D.N. Monchan, V.N. Slyvanyuk, B.D. Shanina, and V.G. Gavriljuk: Phys. Status Solidi, 2010, vol. A 207(8), pp. 1796–1801.
P. Rozenak and D. Eliezer: Mater. Sci. Eng., 1983, vol. 61, pp. 31–41.
P. Rozenak and A. Loew: Corros. Sci., 2008, vol. 50, pp. 3021–30.
N. Tsukuda and T. Arai: Proc. Jpn. Acad., 1993, vol. 69, Ser. B, pp. 41–47.
Q. Yang and J.L. Luo: Mater. Sci. Eng., 2000, vol. A288, pp. 75–80.
M. Tanino, H. Komatsu, and S. Funaki: J. Phys., 1982, Coll. C4, Suppl. 12, Tome 43, pp. C4 503–C4 509.
Y. Hosoya, A. Inoue, and T. Masumoto: Iron Steel Inst. Jpn., 1978, pp. 769–78.
H. Hanninen and T. Hakarainen: Corrosion, 1976, vol. 36, pp. 47–52.
S.P. Hannula, H. Hanninen, and S. Tahtinen: Metall. Trans. A, 1984, vol. 15A, pp. 2205–11.
H.K. Birnbaum and P. Sofronis: Mater. Sci. Eng., 1994, vol. A176, pp. 191–202.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like thanks to Argon National Lab. at Chicago, USA; for permitting the use of their HRTEM with environmental cell facilities.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Manuscript submitted April 9, 2011.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rozenak, P., Shani, E. Analysis of Phase Distribution in Thin Surface Layers Comparable to the Penetration Depth of X-Rays. Metall Mater Trans A 43, 4028–4042 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-012-1203-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-012-1203-8