Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Spray-Formed Stainless Steel Matrix Composites with Co-Injected Carbide Particles

  • Published:
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In order to develop new types of wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant materials, TiC and VC particles were injected into martensitic stainless steel X46Cr13 during spray forming, respectively. The microstructures of the spray-formed steel matrix composites under different processing conditions were investigated. The mechanisms of interactions between the injected particles and the matrix materials during spray forming and their effects on the microstructures of the composites were discussed and clarified based on experimental and theoretical investigations. The current results show that the injected particles may penetrate into the metallic droplets or adhere to the surface of the droplets and, therefore, are incorporated into the deposits to form metal matrix composites. Substantial heat transfer from superheated metallic melts to the room temperature carbide particles takes place as they are incorporated into the matrix material. The matrix steel solidifies in the vicinity of the carbides due to their chilling effect, and thus, the carbides may be engulfed in the matrix or pushed to the grain boundaries by the solidification fronts. TiC particles essentially retain their shape and size in the steel composites, while VC particles dissolve at least partially in the matrix and reprecipitate or form new phases in the final solidification and cooling stage. The porosity in the deposits increases with the gas to melt ratio (GMR) and the powder to melt ratio (PMR) by increasing atomizing gas pressure and powder feeding rate. Carbide type also affects the porosity of the deposits, because different thermodynamic properties of carbides change the heat dissipation and local solidification behavior of the mixture of matrix material and dissolved carbides. Moreover, the microstructure of the matrix material X46Cr13 is refined considerably with increasing GMR and PMR.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. LECO is a trademark of LECO Corporation, St. Joseph, MI.

  2. JEOL is a trademark of Japan Electron Optics Ltd., Tokyo.

References

  1. P.R. Beeley, A.J. Baker, P.A. Blackmore, and A. Segal: in Solidification Technology in Foundry and Casthouse, The Metals Society, London, 1983, p. 398.

  2. K. Das, T.K. Bandyopadhyay, and S. Das: J. Mater. Sci., 2002, vol. 37, pp. 3881–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. J.M. Panchal, T. Vela, and T. Rabissch: Fabrication of Particulate Reinforced Composites, ASM INTERNATIONAL, Materials Park, OH, 1990, p. 245.

    Google Scholar 

  4. K.I. Parashivamurthy, R.K. Kumar, S. Seetharamu, and M.N. Chandrasekharaiah: J. Mater. Sci., 2001, vol. 36, pp. 4519–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. T.Z. Kattamis and T. Suganuma: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1990, vol. A128, pp. 241–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. A. Lawley and D. Apelian: Powder Metall., 1994, vol. 37, pp. 123–28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. E.J. Lavernia and Y. Wu: Spray Atomization and Deposition, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester, United Kingdom, 1996, pp. 354, 383–474.

  8. A. Schneider, V. Uhlenwinkel, H. Harig, and K. Bauckhage: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2004, vol. A383, pp. 114–21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. J. Banhart, H. Grützner, and M. Knüwer: Proc. 1999 PM2TEC, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1999, pp. 4-217–4-224.

  10. A. Schneider, V. Uhlenwinkel, T. Wriedt, H. Harig, and K. Bauckhage: Proc. Int. Conf. Spray Deposition and Melt Atomization (SDMA2000), Bremen, June 26–28, 2000, vol. 1, pp. 219–29.

  11. A. Schneider, V. Srivastava, and V. Uhlenwinkel: Z. Metallkd., 2004, vol. 95 (9), pp. 763–68.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. B. Li and E.J Lavernia: Acta Mater.,1997, vol. 45, pp. 5015–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. C. Cui, A. Schulz, V. Uhlenwinkel, F. Zobel, and H.-W. Zoch: Mater. Sci. Eng. Technol., 2010, vol. 41, pp. 524–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. H.O. Pierson: Handbook of Refractory Carbides & Nitrides: Properties, Characteristics, Processing and Applications, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1996, pp. 65–88.

    Google Scholar 

  15. R. Tiwari and H. Herman: Scripta Metall. Mater., 1991, vol. 25, pp. 1103–07.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. S.I. Majagi, K. Ranganathan, A. Lawley, and D. Apelian: TMS Conf. Proc., TMS, Warrendale, PA, 1992, p. 139.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Y. Wu, J. Zhang, and E.J. Lavernia: Metall. Trans. B,1994, vol. 25B, pp. 135–47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. J. Zhang, Y. Wu, and E.J. Lavernia: Acta Metall. Mater., 1994, vol. 42, pp. 2955–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. B. Li and E.J Lavernia: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2000, vol. 31A, pp. 387–96.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. U. Fritsching: Spray Simulation: Modelling and Numerical Simulation of Sprayforming Metals, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 2004, pp. 156–62.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  21. M. Gupta, I.A. Ibrahim, F.A. Mohamed, and E.J. Lavernia: J. Mater. Sci., 1991, vol. 26, pp. 6673–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. E. Gutierrez-Miravete, E.J. Lavernia, G.M. Trapaga, J. Szekely, and N.J. Grant: Metall. Trans. A, 1989, vol. 20A, pp. 71–85.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. M. Gupta, F. Mohamed, and E. Lavernia: Metall. Trans. A, 1992, vol. 23A, pp. 831–43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. W.E. Ranz and W.R. Marshall: Chem. Eng. Progr., 1952, vol. 28, pp. 141–47.

    Google Scholar 

  25. M. Krauss, H. Ye, C. Cui, and U. Fritsching: Proc. Int. Conf. Spray Deposition and Melt Atomization (SDMA2003), Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany, June 22–25, 2003, vol. 2, pp. 7-3–7-16.

  26. P. Mathur, D. Apelian, and A. Lawley: Acta Metall., 1989, vol. 37, pp. 429–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Thermo-Calc Software, http://www.thermocalc.com/.

  28. L.E. Toth: Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides, Academic Press, New York, NY, 1971, p. 124.

    Google Scholar 

  29. C. Cui, A. Schulz, K. Schimanski, and H.-W. Zoch: J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2009, vol. 209, pp. 5220–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. S. Annavarapu and R. Doherty: Int. J. Powder Metall., 1993, vol. 29, pp. 331–43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. A. Lawley and A.G. Leatham: Mater. Sci. Forum, 1999, vols. 299–300, pp. 407–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. V. Uhlenwinkel and N. Ellendt: Mater. Sci. Forum, 2007, vols. 534–536, pp. 429–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. K.M. McHugh, V. Uhlenwinkel, and N. Ellendt: Proc. 2008 World Congress on Powder Metallurgy & Particulate Materials, Part 3: Compaction and Forming Processes, Washington, DC, 8–12 June, 2008, pp. 51–65.

  34. P. Mathur, S. Annavarapu, D. Apelian, and A. Lawley: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1991, vol. A142, pp. 261–76.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. D.E. Lawrynowicz, B. Li, and E.J. Lavernia: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 1997, vol. 28B, pp. 877–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Y. Wu and E.J. Lavernia: Metall. Trans. A, 1992, vol. 23A, pp. 2923–37.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. G. Krauss: Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance, ASM INTERNATIONAL, Materials Park, OH, 2005, pp. 15–22.

    Google Scholar 

  38. P.S. Grant: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2007, vol. 38A, pp. 1520–29.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology via the Federation of Industrial Research Associations (Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen “Otto von Guericke” e.V.; AiF) within the program AiF238ZN at the Foundation Institute for Materials Science (IWT, Bremen). Gratitude is also expressed to Dörrenberg Edelstahl GmbH (Engelskirchen) and Deutsche Edelstahlwerke GmbH (DEW, Siegen) for supplying the steels.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Foundation Institute for Materials Science, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany

    Chengsong Cui (Research Scientist), Alwin Schulz (Research Team Leader), Volker Uhlenwinkel (Research Group Leader) & Hans-Werner Zoch (Professor and Director)

Authors
  1. Chengsong Cui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alwin Schulz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Volker Uhlenwinkel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hans-Werner Zoch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chengsong Cui.

Additional information

Manuscript submitted October 5, 2010.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Cui, C., Schulz, A., Uhlenwinkel, V. et al. Spray-Formed Stainless Steel Matrix Composites with Co-Injected Carbide Particles. Metall Mater Trans A 42, 2442–2455 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-011-0633-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-011-0633-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation