Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

X-ray Diffraction Study on Cooling-Rate-Induced γ fcc→ε hcp Martensitic Transformation in Cast-Homogenized Fe-26Mn-0.14C Austenitic Steel

  • Published:
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The thermal stability of a cast homogenized austenitic steel with basic composition Fe-26Mn-0.14C has been studied using the Rietveld entire X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern fitting technique. The decomposition of austenite was observed to be very sensitive to the cooling rate. A very high proportion (49 to 70 pct) of ε-martensites was found in the differently cooled specimens as well in the as-cast specimen. The density of various planar (stacking and twin) faults was also estimated in both ε-martensites and retained austenite. The significant variation in the extent of γ fcc→ε hcp martensitic transformation was interpreted in terms of athermal and isothermal martensites formed during cooling and grain size of austenite. The austenite grains were found to be comprised of a high to moderate density of stacking faults (∼10−3 to 10−2) and negligible twin fault probability (∼10−5). On the other hand, in the ε-martensites, the dominant planar fault was twins (∼10−3). Approximate values of the dislocation density within the retained austenite were also evaluated using the crystallite size and root-mean-square (rms) strain values obtained from the “size-strain-shape” analyses.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. PHILIPS is a trademark of Philips Electronic Instruments Corp., Mahwah, NJ.

  2. NIKON is a trademark of NIKON Inc., Melville, NY.

  3. POLAROID is a trademark of Polaroid Corporation, Cambridge, MA.

References

  1. Y. Tomota, M. Strum, J.W. Morris Jr.: Metall. Trans. A, 1986, vol. 17A, pp. 537–47

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Y.G. Kim, J.M. Han, J.S. Lee: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1989, vol. 114, pp. 51–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. A. Sato, K. Soma, T. Mori: Acta Metall., 1982, vol. 30, pp. 1901–07

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. H. Schumann: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes, 1969, vol. 40, pp. 1027–37

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. A. Seeger: Metallkd., 1956, vol. 47, pp. 653–60

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Y. Hoshino, S. Nakamura, N. Ishikawaand, A. Sato: Mater. Sci. Forum, 1990, vols. 56–58, pp. 643–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. G.B. Olson, M. Cohen: Metall. Trans. A, 1976, vol. 7A, pp. 1897–904

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. T.Y. Hsu, Xu Zuyao: Acta Metall. Sinica, 1980, vol. 16, pp. 430–34

    Google Scholar 

  9. K. Sato, M. Ichinose, Y. Hirotsu, Y. Inoue: ISIJ Int., 1989, vol. 29, pp. 868–77

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. K. Ishida, T. Nishizawa: Trans. Jpn. Inst. Met., 1974, vol. 15, pp. 225–31

    Google Scholar 

  11. R.E. Schramm, R.P. Reed: Metall. Trans. A, 1975, vol. 6A, pp. 1345–51

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. H.M. Rietveld: J. Appl. Cryst., 1969, vol. 2, pp. 65–71

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. L. Lutterotti: MAUD, version 2.038, http://www.ing.unitn.it/∼luttero/maud, 2006

  14. P. Sahu: J. Appl. Cryst., 2005, vol. 38, pp. 112–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. T. Sawaguchi, P. Sahu, T. Kikuchi, K. Ogawa, S. Kajiwara, A. Kushibe, M. Higashino, T. Ogawa: Scripta Mater., 2006, vol. 54, pp. 1885–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. P. Sahu: Intermetallics, 2006, vol. 14, pp. 180–88

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. J.G.M. Van Berkum, G.J.M. Sprong, T.H. de Keijser, R. Delhez, E.J. Sonneveld: Powder Diffrac., 1995, vol. 10, pp. 129–39

    Google Scholar 

  18. R.A. Young: in The Rietveld Method, R.A. Young, ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 1993, ch. 1

  19. L. Lutterotti, P. Scardi, P. Maitrelli: J. Appl. Cryst., 1990, vol. 23, pp. 246–52

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. N.C. Popa: J. Appl. Cryst., 1998, vol. 31, pp. 176–80

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. R.J. Hill, C.J. Howard: J. Appl. Cryst., 1987, vol. 20, pp. 467–74

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. D.L. Bish, S.A. Howard: J. Appl. Cryst., 1988, vol. 21, pp. 86–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. B.E. Warren: X-ray Diffraction, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1969, ch.13

  24. G.K. Williamson, R.E. Smallman: Phil. Mag., 1956, vol. 1, pp. 34–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. L.J. Mangonon, G. Thomas: Metall. Trans., 1970, vol. 1, pp. 1577–86

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. G. Krauss, A.R. Marder: Metall. Trans., 1971, vol. 2, pp. 2343–57

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Metals Handbook, 10th ed., ASM, Materials Park, OH, 1990, vol. 1, p. 822

  28. K. Ishida: Scripta Metall., 1977, vol. 11, pp. 237–42

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. O. Grässel, G. Frommeyer, C. Derder, H. Hofmann: J. Phys. France, 1997, vol. 7 (C5), pp. 383–88

    Google Scholar 

  30. Y.K. Lee, C.S. Choi: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2000, vol. 31A, pp. 355–60

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. A. Borgenstam, M. Hillert, J. Agren: Acta Mater., 1995, vol. 43, pp. 945–54

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. A. Borgenstam, M. Hillert: Acta Mater., 1997, vol. 45, pp. 651–62

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. P. Sahu, A.S. Hamada, S. Ghosh Chowdhury, L.P. Karjalainen: J. Appl. Cryst., 2007, vol. 40, pp. 354–61

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. S. Ghosh Chowhury, R.K. Ray, A.K. Jena: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2000, vol. 277, pp. 1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. C. Garcia-Mateo, F.G. Caballero, H.K.D.H Bhadeshia: Mater. Sci. Forum, 2005, vols. 500–501, pp. 495–502

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Two of the authors (PS and RNG) are grateful to Professor S.P. Mehrotra, Director, National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur, for his kind permission to publish the results.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Materials Science and Technology Division, National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur, 831 007, India

    P. Sahu (Scientist) & R.N. Ghosh (Senior Deputy Director)

  2. Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland

    A.S. Hamada (Graduate Student) & L.P. Karjalainen (Professor)

Authors
  1. P. Sahu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A.S. Hamada
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. R.N. Ghosh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. L.P. Karjalainen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to P. Sahu.

Additional information

Manuscript submitted August 1, 2006.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sahu, P., Hamada, A., Ghosh, R. et al. X-ray Diffraction Study on Cooling-Rate-Induced γ fcc→ε hcp Martensitic Transformation in Cast-Homogenized Fe-26Mn-0.14C Austenitic Steel. Metall Mater Trans A 38, 1991–2000 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-007-9240-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-007-9240-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation