Abstract
Mixtures of Cr and Mo elemental powders, with the nominal compositions Cr25Mo75, Cr50Mo50, and Cr75Mo25, are processed by high-energy ball milling at ambient temperature. Milling is observed to force the mixing of the immiscible bcc elements Cr and Mo into solid solutions. The lattice parameter of these solid solutions, measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD), displays the expected positive deviation from Vegard's law. These deviations are compared to the ones predicted by Eshelby's inclusion model for dilute alloys. The conventional Williamson-Hall approach is shown to fail to determine the grain size in as-milled samples, probably due to the high density of dislocations. Annealing at 700 °C for 10 hours under argon leads to a large reduction in structural defect density, without inducing any significant decomposition. The mixing measured in Cr−Mo is discussed in the broader context of the mechanical mixing forced by ball milling in moderately immiscible systems.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
P.S. Gilman and J.S. Benjamin: Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci., 1983, vol. 13, pp. 279–300.
C.C. Koch: in Materials Science and Technology, vol. 15, Mechanical Milling and Alloying, R.W. Cahn, P. Haasen, and E.J. Kramer, eds., VCH, Weinheim, 1991, pp. 193–249.
E. Ma and M. Atzmon: Mater. Chem. Phys. 1995, vol. 39, pp. 249–67.
L. Lü and M.O. Lai: Mechanical Alloying, Kluwers, Norwell, MA, 1998.
C. Suryanarayana: Progr. Mater. Sci., 2001, vol. 46, pp. 1–184.
T.D. Shen and C.C. Koch: Mater. Sci. Forum, 1995, vols. 179–181, pp. 17–24.
C. Gente, M. Oehring, and R. Bormann: Phys. Rev. B, 1993, vol. 48, pp. 13244–13252.
J.Y. Huang, Y.D. Yu, Y.K. Wu, D.X. Li, and H.Q. Ye: J. Mater. Res., 1997, vol. 12, pp. 936–46.
F. Delogu, M. Pintore, S. Enzo, F. Cardellini, V. Contini, A. Montone, and V. Rosato: Phil. Mag. B, 1997, vol. 76, pp. 651–62.
K. Uenishi, K.F. Kobayashi, K.N. Ishihara, and P.H. Shingu: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1991, vol. 134, pp. 1342–45.
T. Klassen, U. Herr, and R.S. Averback: Acta Mater., 1997, vol. 45, pp. 29219–292130.
G. Le Caër, P. Delcroix, T.D. Shen, and B. Malaman: Phys. Rev. B, 1996, vol. 54, pp. 12775–12786.
E. Ma, J.-H. He, and P.J. Schilling: Phys. Rev. B, 1997, vol. 55, pp. 5542–45.
A.R. Yavari, P.J. Desre, and T. Benameur: Phys. Rev. Lett., 1992, vol. 68, pp. 2235–38.
J. Eckert, J.C. Holzer, C.E. Krill III, and W.L. Johnson: J. Appl. Phys., 1993, vol. 73, pp. 2794–2802.
E. Ma, M. Atzmon, and F.E. Pinkerton: J. Appl. Phys., 1993, vol. 74, pp. 955–62.
J.Y. Huang, Y.D. Yu, Y.K. Wu, D.X. Li, and H.Q. Ye: Acta Mater., 1997, vol. 45, pp. 113–24.
E. Gaffet, C. Louison, M. Harmelin, and F. Faudot: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1991, vol. 134, pp. 1380–84.
J. Kuyama, H. Inui, S. Imaoka, S. Nasu, K.N. Ishihara, and P.H. Shingu: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1991, vol. 30, pp. L854-L856.
M. Angiolini, M. Krasnowski, G. Mazzone, A. Montone, M. Urchulutegui, and M. Vittori-Antisari: Mat. Sci. Forum, 1995, vol. 195, pp. 13–18.
J. Xu, U. Herr, T. Klassen, and R.S. Averback: J. Appl. Phys., 1996, vol. 79, pp. 3935–45.
P. Bellon and R.S. Averback: Phys. Rev. Lett., 1995, vol. 74, pp. 1819–22.
T. Koyano, T. Takizawa, T. Fukunaga, U. Mizutani, S. Kamizuru, E. Kita, and A. Tasaki: J. Appl. Phys., 1993, vol. 73, pp. 429–33.
M. Godet: Wear, 1984, vol. 100, pp. 437–52.
D.A. Rigney, L.H. Chen, M.G.S. Naylor, and A.R. Rosenfield: Wear, 1984, vol. 100, pp. 195–219.
D.A. Rigney: Wear, 2000, vol. 245, pp. 1–9.
L. Chaffron, Y. Le Bouar, and G. Martin: C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 2001, vol. t, 2, ser. IV, pp. 749–59.
Y. Le Bouar, L. Chaffron, G. Saint-Ayes, and G. Martin: Scripta Mater, 2003, vol. 49, pp. 985–90.
W.G. Moffatt: The Handbook of Binary Phase Diagrams, General Electric Company, Schenectady, NY, 1978, vol. 2.
Phase Equilibria, Crystallographic and Thermodynamic Data of Binary Alloys, Landolt-Börnstein, New Series IV, vol. 5d, O. Madelung, ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1994.
R. Najafabadi, D.J. Srolovitz, E. Ma, and M. Atzmon: J. Appl. Phys., 1993 vol. 74, pp. 3144–49.
Fang Wu, P. Bellon, A.J. Melmed, and T.A. Lusby: Acta Mater., 2001, vol. 49, pp. 453–61.
S. Zghal, M. Hytch, J.-P. Chevalier, R. Twesten, F. Wu, and P. Bellon: Acta Mater., 2002, vol. 50, pp. 4695–709.
S. Zghal, R. Twesten, F. Wu, and P. Bellon: Acta Mater., 2002, vol. 50, pp. 4711–26.
T.D. Shen and C.C. Koch: Acta Mater., 1996, vol. 44, pp. 753–61.
G.K. Williamson and W.H. Hall: Acta Metall., 1953, vol. 1, pp. 22–31.
C.C. Koch: Nanostruct. Mater., 1997, vol. 9, pp. 13–22.
A.P. Sutton and R.W. Balluffi: Interfaces in Crystalline Materials, Oxford Press, Oxford, United Kingdom 1995, pp. 426–29.
G. Leibfried and N. Breuer: Point Defects in Metals I, Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1978, vol. 81, pp. 120–29.
C. Barrett and T.B. Massalski: Structure of Metals, 3rd ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 1980, pp. 451–53.
F.W. Gayle and F.S. Biancaniello: Nanostruct. Mater., 1995, vol. 6, pp. 429–32.
A. Revész, T. Ungár, A. Borbély, and J. Lendvai: Nanostruct. Mater. 1996, vol. 7, pp. 779–88.
M. Murayama, J.M. Howe, H. Hidaka, and S. Takaki: Science, 2002, vol. 295, pp. 2433–35.
F. Wu: Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 2002.
ASM Handbook, vol. 2, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, ASM International, Materials Park. Ott, 1990, p. 1140.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hahn, J.D., Wu, F. & Bellon, P. Cr−Mo solid solutions forced by high-energy ball milling. Metall Mater Trans A 35, 1105–1111 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-004-1013-8
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-004-1013-8