Abstract
Oxide-dispersion-strengthened (ODS) alloys produced by mechanical alloying (MA) are very prone to the occurrence of porosity. The reason for this has not been fully understood so far. In this work, a model ferritic ODS alloy has been examined by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in both the powder form and the consolidated condition. Submicron-sized pores have been found in the as-mechanically alloyed powder and in the consolidated alloy. Moreover, pores can be observed in loose powder particles annealed at 1000 °C and 1100 °C. Based on these results, it has been suggested that the MA process might be largely responsible for the porosity problem in ODS alloys.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Y.L. Chen and A.R. Jones: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2001, vol. 32A, pp. 2077–85.
H.D. Hedrich: New Materials by Mechanical Alloying Techniques, DGM Conf., Oct. 1988, E. Artz and L. Schultz, eds., Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Metallkunde, Oberursel, Germany, 1989, pp. 217–21.
A.R. Jones and D.M. Jeager: 12th Ann. Conf. on Fossil Energy Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, May 1998, p. 2.11.
W. Lengauer, P. Ettmayer, G. Korb, and D. Sporer: Powder Metall. Int., 1990, vol. 22, pp. 19–22.
D. Sporer, W. Lengauer, P. Ettmayer, and G. Korb: Powder Metall. Int., 1991, vol. 23, pp. 162–65.
B. Heine, R. Kirchheim, U. Stolz, and H. Fischmeister: Powder Metall. Int., 1992, vol. 24, pp. 158–63.
J.D. Whittenberger: Metall. Trans. A, 1977, vol. 8A, pp. 1155–63.
J. Ritherdon and A.R. Jones: A Project Report, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, 2000.
Fritz V. Lenel: Powder Metallurgy Principles and Applications, Princeton, NJ, 1980, p. 29.
P.S. Gilman and J.S. Benjamin: Mater. Sci. Forum, 1992, vols. 88–90. pp. 1–12.
R.M. Davis and C.C. Koch: Scripta Metall., 1987, vol. 21, pp. 305–10.
Y.L. Chen, M. Qi, J.S. Wu, and D.Z. Yang: Appl. Phys. Lett., 1994, vol. 63, pp. 303–05.
Y.L. Chen, M. Qi, D.Z. Yang, and K.H. Wu: Mater. Sci. Eng., 1994, vol. 183A, pp. L9–12.
Y.L. Chen and D.Z. Yang: Scripta Metall. Met., 1993, vol. 29, pp. 1349–54.
Y.L. Chen: Ph.D. Thesis, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China, 1994.
C. Suryanarayana: Progr. Mater. Sci., 2001, pp. 1–184.
F.C. Kelley: Weld. J. N.Y., 1951, vol. 30, p. 728.
C.C. Koch: Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci., 1989, vol. 19, pp. 121–43.
P.S. Gilman and W.D. Nix: Metall. Trans. A, 1981, vol. 12A, p. 813.
P.S. Goodwin and C.M. Ward-close: Mater. Sci. Forum, 1995, vols. 179–181, pp. 411–18.
U. Miller: Plausee GmbH, 2000, unpublished research.
Metals Reference Book, 6th ed., J.C. Smithells, ed., Butterworths, London, 1983, pp. 12–14.
R.F. Singer and E. Artz: High Temperature Alloys for Gas Turbines and Other Applications, Runetaud, 1986, pp. 97–126.
Y.L. Chen, J. Ritherdon, and A.R. Jones: The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, 2001, unpublished research.
R. Bohn, T. Klassen, and R. Bormann: Acta Mater., 2001, vol. 49, pp. 299–311.
H.E. Exner and E. Arzt: in Physical Metallurgy, 4th revised and enhanced edition, R.W. Cahn and P. Haasen, eds., Elsevier Science BV, 1996, pp. 2627–62.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, Y.L., Jones, A.R. & Miller, U. Origin of porosity in oxide-dispersion-strengthened alloys produced by mechanical alloying. Metall Mater Trans A 33, 2713–2718 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-002-0393-x
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-002-0393-x