Abstract
A dislocation-disclination model is proposed, describing the heterogeneous nucleation of an embryo of hcp martensite at a tilt grain-boundary segment containing some extrinsic dislocations. The total energy gain due to hcp embryo nucleation is analyzed in detail, and the existence of both the equilibrium and critical embryo sizes under varying external conditions (temperature and shear stress) is shown. Depending on the external conditions, these characteristic embryo sizes may vary in wide ranges. So, the equilibrium size increases while the critical size decreases as the external shear stress increases and the temperature decreases. It is also demonstrated that a critical external stress exists which induces athermal embryo nucleation when the nucleation-energy barrier disappears and the terms of equilibrium and critical embryo sizes lose their significance. The critical external stress has been studied, depending on the temperature and characteristic parameters of the grain boundary where the fcc-to-hcp martensite transformation takes place. We have shown, in particular, that the critical external stress increases in direct proportion to both the grain-boundary misorientation angle and temperature.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
V.F. Zackay, E.R. Parker, D. Fahr, and R. Busch: Trans. ASM, 1967, vol. 60, pp. 252–59.
G.B. Olson and M. Azrin: Metall. Trans. A, 1978, vol. 9A, pp. 713–21.
G.B. Olson and M. Cohen: Metall. Trans. A, 1982, vol. 13A, pp. 1907–14.
C.N.R. Rao and K.J. Rao: Phase Transitions in Solids, McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, NY, 1978, pp. 100–07.
R.W.K. Honeycombe: Steels: Microstructure and Properties, Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd., London, 1981, pp. 90–94.
D.A. Porter and K.E. Easterling: Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys, 2nd ed., Chapman & Hall, London, 1996, pp. 397–409.
G.B. Olson and M. Cohen: Metall. Trans. A, 1976, vol. 7A, pp. 1897–1904.
G.B. Olson and M. Cohen: Metall. Trans. A, 1976, vol. 7A, pp. 1905–14.
G.B. Olson and M. Cohen: Metall. Trans. A, 1976, vol. 7A, pp. 1915–23.
J.G. Parr: J. Iron Steel Inst., 1952, vol. 171, pp. 137–41.
H.M. Otte: Acta Metall., 1957, vol. 5, pp. 614–27.
B. Cina: Acta Metall., 1958, vol. 6, pp. 748–62.
L. Remy: Metall. Trans. A, 1977, vol. 8A, pp. 253–58.
S.-H. Baik, J.C. Kim, K.K. Jee, W.Y. Jang, and M.C. Shin: J. Phys. IV, Colloq., 1997, vol. 7, pp. 453–58.
J.-H. Jun, S.-H. Baik, Y.-K. Lee, and C.-S. Choi: Scripta Mater., 1998, vol. 39, pp. 39–44.
J.-H. Jun and C.-S. Choi: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1998, vol. 252A, pp. 133–38.
J.-H. Jun and C.-S. Choi: J. Mater. Sci., 1999, vol. 34, pp. 3421–25.
A. Ariapour, I. Yakubtsov, and D.D. Perovic: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1999, vol. 262A, pp. 39–49.
H.C. Choi, T.K. Ha, H.C. Shin, and Y.W. Chang: Scripta Mater., 1999, vol. 40, pp. 1171–77.
S. Cotes, A.F. Guillermet, and M. Sade: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1999, vols. 273A–275A, pp. 503–06.
A. Baruj, A.F. Guillermet, and M. Sade: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1999, vols. 273A–275A, pp. 507–11.
F. Gauzzi and R. Montanari: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1999, vols. 273A–275A, pp. 524–27.
Y.-K. Lee and C.-S. Choi: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2000, vol. 31A, pp. 355–60.
X. Lu, Z. Qin, Y. Zhang, B. Ding, and Z. Hu: Scripta Mater., 2000, vol. 42, pp. 433–37.
A. Baruj, H.E. Troiani, M. Sade, and A. Fernández Guillermet: Phil. Mag. A, 2000, vol. 80A, pp. 2537–48.
A. Baruj, A. Fernández Guillermet, and M. Sade: J. Phys. IV, Colloq., 1997, vol. 7, pp. 405–10.
J.-H. Jun and C.-S. Choi: J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1998, vol. 17, pp. 629–31.
J.-H. Jun, D.-K. Kong, and C.-S. Choi: Mater. Res. Bull., 1998, vol. 33, pp. 1419–25.
L.D. Thompson: Mechanical Properties and Phase Transformations in Engineering Materials, TMS, Warrendale, PA, 1986, pp. 391–408.
T.N. Durlu: J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1997, vol. 16, pp. 320–21.
T.N. Durlu: J. Mater. Sci., 1999, vol. 34, pp. 2887–90.
A. Sato, Y. Yamaji, and T. Mori: Acta Metall., 1986, vol. 34, pp. 287–94.
M. Andersson, R. Stalmans, and J. Ågren: J. Phys. IV, Colloq., 1997, vol. 7, pp. 411–16.
A. Yu. Pasko, A.A. Likhachev, Yu.N. Koval, and V.I. Kolomytsev: J. Phys. IV, Colloq., 1997, vol. 7, pp. 435–40.
G. Guénin: J. Phys. IV, Colloq., 1997, vol. 7, pp. 467–76.
M. Andersson, R. Stalmans, and J. Ågren: Acta Mater., 1998, vol. 46, pp. 3883–91.
S. Cotes, A. Fernández Guillermet, and M. Sade: J. Alloys Compounds, 1998, vol. 278, pp. 231–38.
Z. Guo, Y. Rong, S. Chen, and T.Y. Hsu (Xu Zuyao): Scripta Mater., 1999, vol. 41, pp. 153–58.
B. Jiang and X. Qi: Bull. Mater. Sci. (India), 1999, vol. 22, pp. 717–21.
Z. Guo, Y. Rong, S. Chen, T.Y. Hsu (Xu Zuyao), J. Hong, and X. Zhao: Mater. Trans. JIM, 1999, vol. 40, pp. 193–98.
T.Y. Hsu (Xu Zuyao): Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1999, vols. 273A–275A, pp. 494–97.
H. Li, D. Dunne, and N. Kennon: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1999, vols. 273A–275A, pp. 517–23.
O. Grässel, G. Frommeyer, C. Derder, and H. Hofmann: J. Phys. IV, Colloq., 1997, vol. 7, pp. 383–88.
W.Y. Jang, J.I. Han, K.K. Jee, S.H. Baik, J.W. Kang, and M.C. Shin: J. Phys. IV, Colloq., 1997, vol. 7, pp. 447–52.
N. Bergeon, G. Guénin, and C. Esnouf: J. Phys. IV, Colloq., 1997, vol. 7, pp. 125–30.
N. Bergeon, G. Guénin, and C. Esnouf: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1998, vol. 242A, pp. 77–86, 87–95.
F. Nishimura, N. Watanabe, and K. Tanaka: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1998, vol. 247A, pp. 275–84.
Q. Liu, Z. Ma, and N. Gu: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1998, vol. 29A, pp. 1579–83.
G.J. Arruda, V.T.L. Buono, and M.S. Andrade: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1999, vols. 273A–275A, pp. 528–32.
J.C. Li, M. Zhao, and Q. Jiang: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2000, vol. 31A, pp. 581–84.
N. Bergeon, S. Kajiwara, and T. Kikuchi: Acta Mater., 2000, vol. 48, pp. 4053–64.
L. Remy and A. Pineau: Mater. Sci. Eng., 1977, vol. 28, pp. 99–107.
S. Aktürk, A. Gencer, and T.N. Durlu: J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1997, vol. 16, pp. 389–91.
W.O. Binder: Met. Prog., 1950, vol. 58, pp. 201–07.
B. Cina: J. Iron Steel Inst., 1954, vol. 177, pp. 406–22.
J.A. Venables: Phil. Mag., 1962, vol. 7, pp. 35–44.
R.P. Reed: Acta Metall., 1962, vol. 10, pp. 865–77.
J.F. Breedis and W.D. Robertson: Acta Metall., 1962, vol. 10, pp. 1077–88.
J. Dash and H.M. Otte: Acta Metall., 1963, vol. 11, pp. 1169–78.
A.J. Goldman, W.D. Robertson, and D.A. Koss: Trans. AIME, 1964, vol. 230, pp. 240–41.
J.F. Breedis: Trans. AIME, 1964, vol. 230, pp. 1583–96.
R.P. Reed and C.J. Guntner: Trans. AIME, 1964, vol. 230, pp. 1713–20.
F. Lecroisey and A. Pineau: Metall. Trans., 1972, vol. 3, pp. 387–96.
H. Fujita and S. Ueda: Acta Metall., 1972, vol. 20, pp. 759–67.
J.W. Brooks, M.H. Loretto, and R.E. Shallman: Acta Metall., 1979, vol. 27, pp. 1828–38 and 1839–47.
J.W. Christian: Proc. R. Soc. A, 1951, vol. 206, pp. 51–64.
C.R. Houska, B.L. Averbach, and M. Cohen: Acta Metall., 1960, vol. 8, pp. 81–87.
E. Votava: Acta Metall., 1960, vol. 8, pp. 901–04.
F. Frey and H. Boysen: Acta Cryst. A, 1981, vol. 37A, pp. 819–26.
C. Hitzenberger, H.P. Karnthaler, and A. Korner: Acta Metall., 1985, vol. 33, pp. 1293–1305.
P. Huang and H.F. López: Mater. Lett., 1999, vol. 39, pp. 244–48 and 249–53.
A. de J. Saldívar García, A. Maní Medrano, and A. Salinas Rodríguez: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1999, vol. 30A, pp. 1177–84.
S. Mahajan, M.L. Green, and D. Brasen: Metall. Trans. A, 1977, vol. 8, pp. 283–93.
T. Waitz and H.P. Karnthaler: Phys. Status Solidi (a), 1998, vol. 166, pp. 107–14.
C. Hitzenberger, H.P. Karnthaler, and A. Korner: Acta Metall., 1988, vol. 36, pp. 2719–28.
C. Hayzelden, K. Chattopadhyay, J.C. Barry, and B. Cantor: Phil. Mag. A, 1991, vol. 63, pp. 461–70.
T. Waitz and H.P. Karnthaler: Acta Mater., 1997, vol. 45, pp. 837–47.
A.L. Roitburd: Sov. Phys. Dokl., 1981, vol. 26, pp. 92–4.
I.-W. Chen and Y.-H. Chiao: Acta Metall., 1985, vol. 33, pp. 1827–45.
V.I. Levitas, A.V. Idesman, and G.B. Olson: Acta Metall., 1999, vol. 47, pp. 219–33.
J.V. Lill and J.Q. Broughton: Phys. Rev. Lett., 2000, vol. 84, pp. 5784–87.
J. Ronda and G.J. Oliver: Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., 2000, vol. 189, pp. 361–417.
M.Yu. Gutkin, K.N. Mikaelyan, and V.E. Verijenko: Acta Mater., 2001, vol. 49, pp. 3811–19.
H.I. Aaronson and M.G. Hall: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1994, vol. 25A, pp. 1797–1819.
A.E. Romanov and V.I. Vladimirov: Dislocations in Solids, North Holland, Amsterdam, 1992, vol. 9, pp. 191–402.
J.P. Hirth and J. Lothe: Theory of Dislocations, John Wiley, New York, NY, 1982.
J.W. Cahn: Acta Metall., 1957, vol. 5, pp. 169–72.
M.Yu. Gutkin and I.A. Ovid’ko: Phil. Mag. A, 1994, vol. 70A, pp. 561–75.
M.Yu. Gutkin, K.N. Mikaelyan, and I.A. Ovid’ko: Sov. Phys. - Solid State (USA), 1995, vol. 37, pp. 552–54.
M.Yu. Gutkin, I.A. Ovid’ko, and K.N. Mikaelyan: NanoStruct. Mater., 1995, vol. 6, pp. 779–82.
M.Yu. Gutkin, K.N. Mikaelyan, and I.A. Ovid’ko: Phys. Status Solidi (a), 1996, vol. 153a, pp. 337–46.
M.Yu. Gutkin, A.E. Romanov, and P. Klimanek: Local Lattice Rotations and Disclinations in Microstructures of Distorted Crystalline Materials, Proc. Int. Workshop, Raushenbach/Erzgebirge, Germany, Apr. 10–14, 2000, P. Klimanek, A.E. Romanov, and M. Seefeldt, eds., Solid State Phenomena, 2002, vol. 87, pp. 113–20.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gutkin, M.Y., Mikaelyan, K.N., Verijenko, V.E. et al. Dislocation-disclination model of heterogeneous martensite nucleation in transformation-induced-plasticity steels. Metall Mater Trans A 33, 1351–1362 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-002-0060-2
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-002-0060-2