Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Physiologie et physiopathologie du contrôle postural

Physiology and pathophysiology of postural control

  • Article de Synthèse / Review Article
  • Published:
La Lettre de médecine physique et de réadaptation

Résumé

Le contrôle postural permet non seulement le maintien d’une position donnée, mais aussi et surtout le mouvement en fournissant une base stabilisée pour l’action. Il est contrôlé par les mécanismes de régulation du tonus musculaire, et surtout par des processus cérébraux complexes assurant un contrôle dissocié pour l’orientation et la stabilisation posturale. Le cerveau est l’organe de l’équilibre.

Abstract

Postural control allows, not only maintaining a position, but also and especially the movement, by providing a stabilized base for action. It is controlled by the regulation mechanisms of muscle tone, and especially by complex brain processes, which provide dissociated control for orientation and postural stabilization. The brain is the organ of balance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Références

  1. Massion J (1992) Movement, posture and equilibrium: interaction and coordination. Prog Neurobiol 38:35–56

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Amblard B, Cremieux J, Marchand AR, et al (1985) Lateral orientation and stabilization of human stance: static versus dynamic cues. Exp Brain Res 61:21–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Joseph JA, Nightingale A (1952) Electromyography of muscles of posture: Leg muscles in males. J Physiol 117:484–491

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Massion J (1997) Cerveau et Motricité. Pratiques corporelles. Paris, PUF p 187

    Google Scholar 

  5. Perennou DA, Mazibrada G, Chauvineau V, et al (2008) Lateropulsion, pushing and verticality perception in hemisphere stroke: a causal relationship? Brain 131: 2401–2413

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Thomke F, Marx JJ, Iannetti GD, et al (2005) A topodiagnostic investigation on body lateropulsion in medullary infarcts. Neurology 64:716–718

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Dichgans J, Held R, Young LR, et al (1972) Moving visual scenes influence the apparent direction of gravity. Science 178:1217–1219

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Isableu B, Ohlmann T, Cremieux J, et al (1997) Selection of spatial frame of reference and postural control variability. Exp Brain Res 114:584–589

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Clark B, Graybiel A (1964) Perception of the postural vertical following prolonged bodily tilt in normals and subjects with labyrinthine defects. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 58:143–148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Clark B, Graybiel A (1963) Perception of the postural vertical in normals and subjects with labyrinthine defects. J Exp Psychol 65:490–494

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Bisdorff AR, Wolsley CJ, Anastasopoulos D, et al (1996) The perception of body verticality (subjective postural vertical) in peripheral and central vestibular disorders. Brain 119:1523–1534

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Perennou DA, Amblard B, Leblond C, et al (1998) Biased postural vertical in humans with hemispheric cerebral lesions. Neurosci Lett 252:75–78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Barra J, Marquer A, Joassin R, et al (2010) Humans use internal models to construct and update a sense of verticality. Brain 133:3552–3563

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Mittelsteadt H (1992) Somatic versus vestibular gravity reception in man. Ann N Y Acad Sci 656:124–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Dietz V, Gollhofer A, Kleiber M, et al (1992) Regulation of bipedal stance: dependency on “load receptors?. Exp Brain Res 89:229–231

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Dietz V, Colombo G (1996) Effects of body immersion on postural adjustments to voluntary arm movements in humans: Role of load receptor input. J Physiol 497:849–856

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Barbieri G, Gissot AS, Fouque F, et al (2008) Does proprioception contribute to the sense of verticality? Exp Brain Res 185:545–552

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kavounoudias A, Roll R, Roll JP (1998) The plantar sole is a “dynamometric map” for human balance control. Neuroreport 9:3247–3252

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Trousselard M, Barraud PA, Nougier V, et al (2004) Contribution of tactile and interoceptive cues to the perception of the direction of gravity. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 20:355–362

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Perennou D, Decavel P, Manckoundia P, et al (2005) [Evaluation of balance in neurologic and geriatric disorders]. Ann Readapt Med Phys 48:317–335

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Anastasopoulos D, Haslwanter T, Bronstein A, et al (1997) Dissociation between the perception of body verticality and the visual vertical in acute peripheral vestibular disorder in humans. Neurosci Lett 233:2–3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Bronstein AM, Perennou DA, Guerraz M, et al (2003) Dissociation of visual and haptic vertical in two patients with vestibular nuclear lesions. Neurology 61:1260–1262

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Brandt T, Dieterich M (1992) Cyclorotation of the eyes and subjective visual vertical in vestibular brain stem lesions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 656:537–549

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Gibson JJ (1979) The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin

    Google Scholar 

  25. Stoffregen T, Riccio G (1988) An ecological theory of orientation and the vestibular system. Psychol Rev 95:3–14

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Brandt T, Dieterich M, Danek A (1994) Vestibular cortex lesions affect the perception of verticality. Ann Neurol 35:403–412

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Dieterich M, Brandt T (1992) Wallenberg’s syndrome: lateropulsion, cyclorotation, and subjective visual vertical in thirty-six patients. Ann Neurol 31:399–408

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Dieterich M, Brandt T (1993) Thalamic infarctions: differential effects on vestibular function in the roll plane (35 patients). Neurology 43:1732–1740

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Baier B, Suchan J, Karnath HO, et al (2012) Neural correlates of disturbed perception of verticality. Neurology 78:728–735

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Barbieri G, Gissot AS, Perennou D (2010) Ageing of the postural vertical. Age (Dordr) 32:51–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Mouchnino L, Aurenty R, Massion J, et al (1992) Coordination between equilibrium and head-trunk orientation during leg movement: a new strategy build up by training. J Neurophysiol 67:1587–1598

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Bernstein N (1967) The coordination and regulation of movements. London: Pergamon

    Google Scholar 

  33. Horak F, MacPherson J (1996) Postural orientation and equilibrium. In: Handbook of physiology. L.B. Rowell and J.T. Sheperd (Editors) Oxford University Press: New York. p 255–292

    Google Scholar 

  34. Ioffe ME (1997) [Motor cortex functions in the reorganization of postural coordinations]. Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova 47:339–349

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Nashner L, McCollum G (1985) The organization of human postural movements: A formal basis and experimental synthesis. Behav Brain Sci 8:135–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Pozzo T, Berthoz A, Lefort L (1990) Head stabilization during various locomotor tasks in humans. I. Normal subjects. Exp Brain Res 82:97–106

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Assaiante C, Amblard B (1993) Ontogenesis of head stabilization in space during locomotion in children: influence of visual cues. Exp Brain Res 93:499–515

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Azulay JP, Mesure S, Amblard B, et al (1999) Visual control of locomotion in Parkinson’s disease. Brain 122:111–120

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Ledebt A, Bril B, Wiener Vacher S (1995) Trunk and head stabilization during the first months of independent walking. Neuroreport 6:1737–1740

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Gurfinkel’ VS, Lipshits MI, Mori S, Popov KE (1981) Stabilization of body position as the main task of postural regulation. Hum Physiol 7:155–165

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Lacquaniti F, Le Taillanter M, Lopiano L, et al (1990) The control of limb geometry in cat posture. J Physiol Lond 426:177–192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Babinski J (1899) De l’asynergie cérebelleuse. Rev Neurol 7:806–816

    Google Scholar 

  43. Amblard B (1996) Visuo-vestibular integration in the development of posture and gait. Arch Ital Biol 134:249–277

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Gresty M (1987) Stability of the head: studies in normal subjects and in patients with labyrinthine disease, head tremor, and dystonia. Mov Disord 2:165–185

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Pérennou DA, Amblard B, Laassel el-M, Pélissier J (1997) Hemispheric asymmetry in the visual contribution to postural control in healthy adults. Neuroreport 8:3137–3141

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Horak FB, Nashner LM (1986) Central programming of postural movements: adaptation to altered support-surface configurations. J Neurophysiol 55:1369–1381

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Nashner L (1977) Fixed patterns of rapid postural responses among leg muscles during stance. Exp Brain Res 26:59–72

    Google Scholar 

  48. Bouisset S, Duchene JL (1994) Is body balance more perturbed by respiration in seating than in standing posture? Neuroreport 5:957–960

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Vernazza-Martin S, Martin N, Massion J (2000) Kinematic synergy adaptation to microgravity during forward trunk movement. J Neurophysiol 83:453–464

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Do MC, Bussel B, Breniere Y (1990) Influence of plantar cutaneous afferents on early compensatory reactions to forward fall. Exp Brain Res 79:319–324

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Magnusson M, Enbom H, Johansson R, Pyykkö I (1990) Significance of pressor input from the human feet in anterior-posterior postural control. The effect of hypothermia on vibration-induced body-sway. Acta Otolaryngol Stockh 110:182–188

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Thoumie P, Do MC (1996) Changes in motor activity and biomechanics during balance recovery following cutaneous and muscular deafferentation. Exp Brain Res 110:289–297

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Jeka JJ, Lackner JR (1994) Fingertip contact influences human postural control. Exp Brain Res 100:495–502

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Roll JP, Roll R (1988) From eye to foot: A proprioceptive chain involved in postural control. In: Posture and Gait. Amblard B, Berthoz A, Clarac F (Editors) Elsevier, Amsterdam p 155–164

    Google Scholar 

  55. Perennou D (2006) Postural disorders and spatial neglect in stroke patients: a strong association. Restor Neurol Neurosci 24:319–334

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Perennou DA, Leblond C, Amblard B, et al (2001) Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation reduces neglect-related postural instability after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 82:440–448

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Lackner J, Levine M (1979) Changes in apparent body orientation and sensory localization induced by vibration of postural muscles: vibratory myesthetic illusions. Aviat Space Environ Med 50:346–354

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Popov KE, Kozhina GV, Smetanin BN, Shlikov VY (1999) Postural responses to combined vestibular and hip proprioceptive stimulation in man. Eur J Neurosci 11:3307–3311

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Wilson VJ, Jones GM (1979) Mammalian Vestibular Physiology. New York: Plenum press

    Google Scholar 

  60. Iles J, Pisini J (1992) Vestibular-evoked postural reactions in man and modulation of transmission in spinal reflex pathways. J Physiol 455:407–424

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Gresty MA, Barratt HJ, Page NG, Ell JJ (1985) Assessment of vestibulo-ocular reflexes in congenital nystagmus. Ann Neurol 17:129–136

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Lacour M, Vidal P, Xerri C (1981) Visual influences on vestibulospinal reflexes during vertical linear motion in normal and hemilabyrinthectomized monkeys. Exp Brain Research 43:383–394

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Melvill Jones G, Watt G (1971) Muscular control of landing fron unexpected falls in man. J Physiol 219:729–737

    Google Scholar 

  64. Bussel B, Katz R, Pierrot-Deseilligny E, et al (1980) Vestibular and proprioceptive influences on the postural reactions to a sudden body displacement in man. Prog Clin Neurophysiol 8:310–322

    Google Scholar 

  65. Greenwood R, Hopkins R (1976) Muscles responses during sudden falls in man. J Physiol 254:507–518

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Ito Y, Corna S, von Brevern M, et al (1995) Neck muscle responses to abrupt free fall of the head: comparison of normal with labyrinthine-defective human subjects. J Physiol 489:911–916

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Allum JH, Honegger F, Schicks H (1993) Vestibular and proprioceptive modulation of postural synergies in normal subjects. J Vestib Res 3:59–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Diener H, Dichgans J (1988) On the role of vestibular, visual and somatosensory information for dynamic postural control in humans. Prog Brain Res 76:253–262

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Horak FB, Nashner LM, Diener HC (1990) Postural strategies associated with somatosensory and vestibular loss. Exp Brain Res 82:167–177

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Mergner T, Hlavacka F, Schweigart G (1993) Interaction of vestibular and proprioceptive inputs. J Vestib Res 3:41–57

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Romberg M (1846) Lehrbuch der nervenkrankheiten des menschen. Berlin: Duncker

    Google Scholar 

  72. Lee D, Lishman J (1975) Visual proprioceptive control of stance. J Hum Move Stud 1:87–95

    Google Scholar 

  73. Nashner L, Berthoz A (1978) Visual contribution to rapid motor responses during postural control. Brain Res 150:403–407

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Paulus W, Straube A, Brandt T (1984) Visual stabilization of posture. Physiological stimulus characteristics and clinical aspects. Brain 107:1143–1163

    Google Scholar 

  75. Straube A, Krafczyk S, Paulus W, et al (1994) Dependence of visual stabilization of postural sway on the cortical magnification factor of restricted visual fields. Exp Brain Res 99:501–506

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Warren WH, Kay BA, Yilmaz EH (1996) Visual control of posture during walking: functional specificity. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 22:818–838

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Guerraz M, Sakellari V, Burchill P, et al (2000) Influence of motion parallax in the control of spontaneous body sway. Exp Brain Res 131:244–252

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Fitzpatrick R, Rogers DK, McCloskey DI (1994) Stable human standing with lower-limb muscle afferents providing the only sensory input. J Physiol Lond 480:395–403

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Bonan IV, Yelnik AP, Colle FM, et al (2004) Reliance on visual information after stroke. Part II: Effectiveness of a balance rehabilitation program with visual cue deprivation after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85:274–278

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Bonan IV, Colle FM, Guichard JP, et al (2004) Reliance on visual information after stroke. Part I: Balance on dynamic posturography. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85:268–273

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Pratt CA, Fung J, Macpherson JM (1994) Stance control in the chronic spinal cat. J Neurophysiol 71:1981–1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Regis H, Trouche E, Massion J (1976) Movement and associated postural adjustment, in The Motor System: Neurophysiology and Muscle Mechanisms. M. Shahani (Editor) Elsevier, Amsterdam p 349–361

    Google Scholar 

  83. Martin J (1967) The basal ganglia and posture. London: Pitman

    Google Scholar 

  84. Bazalgette D, Zattara M, Bathien N, et al (1987) Postural adjustments associated with rapid voluntary arm movements in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Adv Neurol 45:371–374

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Traub MM, Rothwell JC, Marsden CD (1980) Anticipatory postural reflexes in Parkinson’s disease and other akinetic-rigid syndromes and in cerebellar ataxia. Brain 103:393–412

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Viallet F, Massion J, Massarino R, et al (1987) Performance of a bimanual load-lifting task by Parkinsonian patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psy 50:1274–1283

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Diener HC, Dichgans J, Guschlbauer B, et al (1990) Associated postural adjustments with body movement in normal subjects and patients with parkinsonism and cerebellar disease. Rev Neurol Paris 146:555–563

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Lee RG, Tonolli I, Viallet F, et al (1995) Preparatory postural adjustments in parkinsonian patients with postural instability. Can J Neurol Sci 22:126–135

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Burleigh Jacobs A, Horak FB, Nutt JG, et al (1997) Step initiation in Parkinson’s disease: Influence of levodopa and external sensory triggers. Mov Disord 12:206–215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Pelissier J, Perennou D (2000) [Exercices program and rehabilitation of motor disorders in Parkinson’s disease]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 156(Suppl 2):190–200

    Google Scholar 

  91. Alexandrov A, Aurenty R, Massion J, et al (1998) Axial synergies in Parkinsonian patients during voluntary trunk bending. Gait Posture 8:124–135

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Dietz V (1993) Reflex behavior and programming in Parkinson’s disease. Adv Neurol 60:375–380

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Horak FB, Nutt JG, Nashner LM (1992) Postural inflexibility in parkinsonian subjects. J Neurol Sci 111:46–58

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Horak FB, Frank J, Nutt J (1996) Effects of dopamine on postural control in parkinsonian subjects: scaling, set, and tone. J Neurophysiol 75:2380–2396

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Schieppati M, Nardone A (1991) Free and supported stance in Parkinson’s disease. The effect of posture and “postural set” on leg muscle responses to perturbation, and its relation to the severity of the disease. Brain 114:1227–1244

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Marsden CD (1994) Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57:672–681

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Diener H, Dichgans J (1996) Cerebellar and spinocerebellar gait disorders. In: Clinical Disorders of Balance, Posture and Gait, Arnold: London p 147–155

    Google Scholar 

  98. Ito M (1984) Cerebellum and Neural Control. New York: Raven Press p 580

    Google Scholar 

  99. Gahery Y and Nieoullon A (1978) Postural and kinetic coordination following cortical stimuli which induce flexion movements in the cat’s limbs. Brain Res 149:25–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Palmer E, Cafarelli E, Ashby P (1994) The processing of human ballistic movements explored by stimulation over the cortex. J Physiol 481:509–520

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Massion J, Viallet F, Massarino R, et al (1989) La région de l’aire motrice supplémentaire est impliquée dans la coordination entre posture et mouvement chez l’homme. C R Acad Sc (Paris) 308:417–423

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Viallet F, Massion J, Massarino R, et al (1992) Coordination between posture and movement in a bimanual load lifting task: putative role of a medial frontal region including the supplementary motor area. Exp Brain Res 88:674–684

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Palmer E, Downes L, Ashby P (1996) Associated postural adjustments are impaired by a lesion of the cortex. Neurology 46:471–475

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Miyai I, Mauricio RLR, Reding MJ (1997) Parietal-insular strokes are associated with impaired standing balance as assessed by computerized dynamic posturography. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 11:35–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Perennou DA, Leblond C, Amblard B, et al (2000) The polymodal sensory cortex is crucial for controlling lateral postural stability: evidence from stroke patients. Brain Res Bull 53:359–365

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Perennou D, Benaim C, Rouget E, et al (1999) [Postural balance following stroke: towards a disadvantage of the right brain-damaged hemisphere]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 155:281–290

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Perennou DA, Amblard B, Laassel el M, et al (1997) Hemispheric asymmetry in the visual contribution to postural control in healthy adults. Neuroreport 8:3137–3141

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Cassvan A, Ross PL, Dyer PR, et al (1976) Lateralization in stroke syndromes as a factor in ambulation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 57:583–587

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Held J, Pierrot-Desselligny E, Bussel B, et al (1975) Devenir des hémiplégies vasculaires par atteinte sylvienne en fonction du côté de la lésion. Ann Readapt Med Phys 18:592–604

    Google Scholar 

  110. Rode G, Tiliket C, Boisson D (1997) Predominance of postural imbalance in left hemiparetic patients. Scand J Rehab Med 29:11–16

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Hesse S, Schauer M, Malezic M, et al (1994) Quantitative analysis of rising from a chair in healthy and hemiparetic subjects. Scand J Rehab Med 26:161–166

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Genthon N, Rougier P, Gissot AS, et al (2008) Contribution of each lower limb to upright standing in stroke patients. Stroke 39:1793–1799

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Bohannon RW, Smith MB, Larkin PA (1986) Relationship between independent sitting balance and side of hemiparesis. Phys Ther 66:944–945

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Wade D, Langton Hewer R, Wood V (1984) Stroke: influence of patients sex and side of weakness on outcome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 65:513–516

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Amblard B (1998) Les descripteurs du contrôle postural. Ann Readapt Med Phys 41:225–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Bloem BR, Beckley DJ, van Dijk JG (1999) Are automatic postural responses in patients with Parkinson’s disease abnormal due to their stooped posture? Exp Brain Res 124:481–488

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Ghez C (1991) Posture. In: Principles of Neural Science. E. Kandel, J. Schwartz, T. Jessell (Editors) Elsevier: Amsterdam p. 596–607

    Google Scholar 

  118. Benaim C, Perennou DA, Villy J, et al (1999) Validation of a standardized assessment of postural control in stroke patients: the Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients (PASS). Stroke 30:1862–1868

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 1, clinique MPR-labo TimC CNRS, Institut de rééducation-hôpital sud, CHU Grenoble, BP 338, Grenoble, France

    D. Pérennou

Authors
  1. D. Pérennou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to D. Pérennou.

About this article

Cite this article

Pérennou, D. Physiologie et physiopathologie du contrôle postural. Lett Med Phys Readapt 28, 120–132 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11659-012-0316-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11659-012-0316-1

Mots clés

Keywords

Search

Navigation