Abstract
The 170 samples obtained from ligneous investigation in Barkoissi, Galangashi and Oti-Keran protected areas (northern Togo) were subjected to floristic processing and several multivariate analyses in order to study plant diversity, life form and chorological type distribution and to classify and identify the main plant communities with their demographic structure. First, the overall life form and phytogeographical type frequencies were calculated to analyze and show the distribution of the 68 plants species in this area. Then plant communities were determined by using the hierarchical clustering with wards method. The plant communities found were identified by the technique of indicator value (IndVal). For each grouping diversity index such as specific richness, Shannon index and Pielou’s evenness was set out. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was also used to relate the impact of environment factors and the distribution of samples. Finally the variance analysis (ANOVA) associated to post-hoc test was used to compare the similarity between the groupings. From these 170 samples, 12 plant communities were discriminated, three for the reserve of Barkoissi, three for the reserve of Galangashi and six for the reserve of Oti-Keran. The samples were well distributed in the factorial plan form by axe 1 and 3 of CCA. The plant communities were distributed along the moisture gradient in the ordination. The Sudano-Zambesian species followed by Sudanian species were the phytogeographical types most found in these areas. The microphanerophytes were the most represented life form. The structural parameters such as diameter and height means, the basal area and the densities determined and submitted to post-hoc test show some important similarity between some groups found. In overall, the vegetation condition of the three protected areas is somehow disturbed while most of the plant communities are stable. These preliminary ecological data obtained are essential and fundamental for the management and protection for these ecosystems.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aké-Assi L. 1984. Flore de la Côte d’Ivoire: études descriptive et biogéographique, avec quelques notes ethnobotaniques. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Côte d’Ivoire: Université d’Abidjan, 1067
Anonyme [PNAE-TOGO]. 2002. Monographie nationale sur la biodiversité. Rapport Intégral, PENA/MERF, 171
Atato A. 2002. Les forêts denses sèches de la plaine centrale du Togo. Togo: Mem DEA Biol Veg Appl Univ Lomé, 64
Aubreville A. 1950. Flore forestière soudano-guinéenne: A.O.F. Cameroun A.E.F. Paris: Maritimes et Coloniales, Sociétés d’ Editions Géographiques, 523
Borozi W. 2007. Contribution à la gestion durable de la réserve de faune d’Aledjo, structure de la végétation, pression humaine et système de gestion. Mémoire de DEA, option: Gestion de l’Environnement, 42 + annexes
Catinot R. 1988. Projet National de semences forestières-Document du Cameroun (Draft). Rome: IUFRO & FAO
Dimombe K. 2009. Analyse de la dynamique spatiale des différentes formes de pressions anthropiques dans la réserve de l’Oti-Mandouri. Togo: Mem DEA Biol Veg Appl Univ Lomé, 61
Direction de la Faune et Chasse (DFC). 2003. Carte du projet de réhabilitation consensuelle des aires protégées. DFC/PPM ACMCD, Juillet 2003
Dourma M. 2008. Les forêts à Isoberlinia doka Craib & Stapf et Isoberlinia tomentosa (Harms) Craib & Stapf en zone soudanienne du Togo: Ecologie, Régénération naturelle et Activités humaines. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Lomé: Université de Lomé, 181
Ern H. 1979. Die Vegetation Togo. Gliederrung, Gefährdung. Erhaltung. Willdenowia, 9: 295–312
Fairhead J, Leach M. 1998. Reframing deforestation: global analyses and local realities-studies in West Africa. London, UK: Routledge
FAO. 2007. Promotion de la gestion durable des forêts et des terres boisées. Rome: FAO
FAO. 2001b. La Situation des forets et de la faune sauvage de en Afrique. Commission régionale de la FAO pour l’Afrique. Rome: FAO
Georges Y, Barthélemy Y, Dossahoua T. 2005. Pratique et perception paysannes dans la création de parc agroforestier dans le terroir de Vipalogo (Burkina Faso). Biotechnol Agron Soc Environ, 9(4): 241–248
Grondard A. 1964. La végétation forestière du Tchad. Bois et Foret des tropiques, 93: 15–34
Guinko S. 1984. Végétation de la Haute-Volta. Thèse d’Etat èssciences naturelles. Bordeaux III, 2: 394
Hill M. 1979a. Twinspan-A FORTAN program for arranging multivariate data in an ordered two way table by classification of individual and attributes. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 90
Hill M, Gauch H. 1980. Detrended correspondance analysis: an improved ordination technique. Vegetatio, 42: 47–58
Hutchinson J, Dalziel J. 1954. Flora of West Tropical Africa. 2nd ed. London: Crown Agents for Overseas Governments and Administrations, 264–281
Hutchinson J, Dalziel J. 1958. Flora of West Tropical Africa. London: Crown Agents for Overseas Governments and Administrations, 828
Hutchinson J, Dalziel J. 1963. Flora of West Tropical Africa. London: Crown Agents for Overseas Governments and Administrations, 828
Hutchinson J, Dalziel J. 1968. Flora of West Tropical Africa. London: Crown Agents for Overseas Governments and Administrations, 544
Hutchinson J, Dalziel J. 1972. Flora of West Tropical Africa. London: Crown Agents for Overseas Governments and Administrations, 852
Legendre P and Legendre L. 1998. Numerical ecology. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 853
Lykke A, Sambou B, Goudiaby A. 2002. Dynamique des espèces ligneuses dans une savane soumise aux feux dans le parc national du Delta du Saloum, Sénégal. Ann Bot Afr Ouest, 2: 53–66
Magurran A. 1988. Ecological diversity and its measurement. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press, 179
MERF. 2002. Monographie nationale sur la diversité biologique. Rapport intégral. MERF Togo: 1–172
Moussa A. 2008. Classification des climats en fonction de la végétation, des pluies et de la température. Mémoire de maitrise. Lomé: Université de Lomé, 181
Natta A. 2003. Ecological assessement of riparian forests in Benin: phytodiversity, phytosociology and spatial distribution of tree species. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Netherlands: Wageningen University, 222
Ojeda F, Maranon T, Arroyo J. 2000. Plant diversity patterns in the Aljibe Mountains (S. Spain): a comprehensive account. Biodiv Conserv, 9: 1323–1343
Ouedraogo A. 2006. Diversité et dynamique de la végétation ligneuse de la partie orientale du Burkina Faso. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Ouaga: Université de Ouagadougou, 195
Ouoba P. 2006. Flore et végétation de la forêt classée de Niangoloko, sud-ouest du Burkina Faso. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Ouaga: Université de Ouagadougou, 140
Ozenda P. 1982. Les végétaux dans la biosphère. Paris, France: Dion Editeurs, 431
Raunkier C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. London: Oxford University Press, 632
Rollet B. 1974. L’architecture des forêts denses humides sempervirentes des plaines. Paris: CTFT, 298
Sournia G, Alassoum O, Belemsobgo U, Djeri-Alassani B, Lartiges A, Sinsin B, Thomassey J. 1998. Les aires protégées d’ Afrique francophone. ACCT/Jean-Pierre de Monza, 272
Swaine M, Hall J, Alexandrer I. 1987. Tree population dynamics at Kade, Ghana (1968–1982). J Trop Ecol, 3: 331–345
Tabe N. 2007. Contribution à l’étude de la structure des peuplements à Isoberlinia de la réserve de faune d’Aledjo. Mémoire de DEA, Gestion de l’Environnement, 63
Tente B, Sinsin B. 2002. Diversité et structure des formations arborescentes du secteur Perma-Toucountouna dans la chaîne de l’Atacora (Bénin). Etude Flor Vég
Ter Braak F, Similauer P. 1998. CANOCO reference manuel and user’s guide to Canoco for Windows. Software for canonical community ordination. Wageningen (the Netherlands): Center of Biometry Wageningen, CPRO-DLO, 352
Thiombiano A. 1996. Contribution à l’étude des Combretaceae dans la région Est du Burkina Faso. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Ouaga: Université d’Ouagadougou, 220
Tou J, Gonzalez R. 1974. Pattern recognition principles. London: Addison-Wesley, 1974
Toutain B. 1999. Dynamique de la végétation et évolution des écosystèmes pâturés au sahel. The sahel. In: Lykke A M, Reenberg A, Nielsen I, eds. SEREN Occasional Papers, 10: 1–11
Wala K. 2004. La végétation de la chaîne de l’Atakora au Bénin: diversité floristique, Phytosociologie et impact humain. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Lomé: Université de Lomé, 138
Ward J. 1963. Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. J Am Statist Assoc, 58: 236–244
Westhoff V, van der Maarel E. 1978. The Braun-Blanquet approach, 2nd ed. In: Whittaker R H, ed. Classification of plant communities. The Hague: Junk, 287–399
White F. 1986. La végétation d’Afrique. Mémoire carte de la végétation d’Afrique. UNESCO/AETFA/UNSO
Woegan Y. 2007. Diversité des formations végétales ligneuses du parc national de Fazao-Malfakassa et de la réserve de faune d’Aledjo (Togo). Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Lomé: Université de Lomé, 142
Yema E. Gù-Konu, Georges Laclavère et Association des géographes togolais. 1981. Atlas du Togo (Les Atlas Jeune Afrique), 64
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fousseni, F., Kperkoum, W., Zhang, Cy. et al. Woody vegetation of protected areas in northern Togo. Cases of Barkoissi, Galangashi and Oti-Keran: ecological and structure analyses of plant communities. For. Stud. China 13, 23–35 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11632-011-0105-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11632-011-0105-y