Abstract
Egypt is characterized by wide occurrence of serpentinites, particularly in the central and southern parts of Eastern Desert. There are several cooperate factors that affect the serpentinites used as ornamental stones. These factors involve mineralogical characteristics (including mineral composition and microstructure parameter), physical properties and mechanical properties. Antigorite is an essential serpentinite mineral, with a minor amount of chrysotile. Talc, carbonates (magnesite and dolomite) and tremolite are the main associated minerals. Quality and quantity of associated minerals such as talc and carbonates (dolomite and magnesite) affect the properties of serpentinites used as ornamental stones. Carbonates are resistant to weathering but suffer from acidic cleaning agents in interior use, whereas serpentinites with a high content of talc used on external faces undergo an increase in volume and a consequent rapid degradation. Studied serpentinites are characterized by relatively small grain size with foliated texture, low water absorption, low porosity, and high abrasion resistance. In the samples studied the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) varies between 89 and 189 MPa, with an average of 152 MPa. According to the classification of Bell (1992), sample No. B8 is very high in strength while the rest high in strength.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abu El Ela A.M. (1996) Contribution to Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Some Serpentinites from the Eastern Desert of Egypt [M]. Ain Shams University, Earth Science. 10, 1–25.
Akaad M.K. and El Ramly M.F. (1961) Geological History and Classification of the Basement Rocks of the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt [C]. Geological Survey of Egypt, Paper No. 9.
Akaad M.K. and Noweir A.M. (1972) Some Aspects of the Serpentinites and Their Associated Derivations along Qift-Quseir Road, Eastern Desert [Z]. Annals of the Geological Survey of Egypt. 2, 251–270.
Akaad M.K. and Noweir A.M. (1980) Geology and Lithostratigraphy of the Arabian Desert Orogenic Belt between Latitude 251350 and 261300N. Symposium in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. In Evolution and Mineralization of the Arabian-Nubian Shield [Z]. Inst. Appl. Geol. Bull. Jeddah. 3/1, 127–135.
Aly S.M., Ghoneim M.F., and Beniamin N. (1995) Geology and origin of the Gerf serpentinites, Egypt [J]. Egypt Mieralog. 7, 95–108.
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Material) (1999) Standard Method for Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control under Wetting and Drying Conditions [Z]. Annual book of ASTM standard D5313-92, 04, 08, 1347–1348, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Aston B.G., Harrell J.A., and Shaw I. (2000) Stones. In Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology (eds. P.T. Nicholson and I. Shaw) [M]. pp.5–77. University of Cambridge Press, Cambridge.
Azer M.K. and Stern R.J. (2007) Neoproterozoic (835–720 Ma) serpentinites in the Eastern Desert, Egypt: Fragments of forearc mantle [J]. The Journal of Geology. 115, 457–472.
Bell F.G. (1992) “Engineering in Rock Masses, Butterworth Heinemann” [M]. pp.54–77, 152–169. Oxford.
Blanco J.A., Fallick A., Peinado M., Pereira D., Thomas H., Upton B., and Yenes M. (2005) Characterization of serpentinites to define their appropriate use as building stones [J]. Geophysical Research Abstracts. 7.
Blanco J.A., Peinado M., Pereira D., Yenes M., Nespereira J., and Monterrubio S. (2007) Mineralogy of serpentinites: A clue for their use as. ornamental stones [J]. Geophysical Research Abstracts. 9.
El Gaby S., El Nady O., and Khudeir A. (1984) Tectonic evolution of the basement complex in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt [J]. Geologische Rundschau. 73, 1019–1036.
El Ramly M.F., Greiling R., Kröner A., and Rashwan A.A. (1984) On the tectonic evolution of the Wadi Hafafit area and environs, Eastern Desert of Egypt [J]. Buttettin of King Abdelaziz University. 6, 113–126.
Gamal El-Dean D.R. (2001) Properties and Classification of Weak Rocks [D]. pp.160. Mast. Thesis, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo Univ.
Harrell J.A. (2007) Stones in Ancient Egypt [M]. Department of Environmental Science, Univ. of Toledo, USA. World Wide Web Address: http://www.eeescience.utoledo.edu/egypt/
Helibronner R. (2000) Automatic grain boundary detection and grain size analysis using polarization micrographs or orientation images [J]. Journal of Structural Geology. 22, 969–981.
Herwegh M. (2000) A new technique to automatically quantify microstructures of fine-grained carbonate mylonites: Two-step etching combined with SEM imaging and image analysis [J]. Journal of Structural Geology. 22, 391–400.
Kim D., Sagong M., and Lee Y. (2005) Effects of fine aggregate contents on the mechanical properties of the compacted decomposed granitic soils [J]. Construction and Building Materials. 19, 189–196.
ISRM (International Society for Rock Mechanics) (1981) Rock characterization testing and monitoring. In I.S.R.M. Suggested Methods (ed. E.T. Brown) [M]. pp.211. Pergamon, New York.
Lundquist S. and Gőransson M. (2001) Evaluation and Interpretation of Microscopic Parameters vs. Mechanical Properties of Precambrian Rocks from the Stockholm Region, Sweden [C]. pp.13–20. Proceedings of the 8th Euroseminar on Microscopy Applied to Building Materials, Athènes Departement de Géologie, Athens.
Mackenzie (1970) Differential Thermal Analysis [M]. pp.498–534. V.I. Academic Press, London and Newy York.
Moore D.E. and Lockner D.A. (1995) The role of microcracking in shear-fracture propagation in granite [J]. Journal of Structural Geology. 17, 95–114.
Napoli S. (1998) Marina di Carrara [M]. Internazionale, Italy.
Obert L. and Duvall W.I. (1967) Rock Mechanics and the Design of Structures in Rock [M]. pp.650. John Wiley and Sons, New York, London, Sydney.
Shackleton R.M., Ries A.C., Graham R.H., and Fitches W.R. (1980) Late Precambrian ophiolitic mélange in the Eastern Desert of Egypt [J]. Nature. 285, 472–474.
Sousa M.O., Suárez del Rý L.M., Callej L., Argandon V., and Rey A. (2005) Influence of microfractures and porosity on the physico-mechanical properties and weathering of ornamental granites [J]. Engineering Geology. 77, 153–168.
Stern R.J. (2002) Crustal evolution in the East African Orogen: A neodymium isotopic perspective [J]. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 34, 109–117.
Wong R.H.C., Chau K.T., and Wang P. (1996) Microcracking and grain size effect in Yuen Long marbles [J]. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr. 33, 479–485.
Zaiangarov A.C. Root P.E., and Filimonov S.D. (1984) Practical Soil Mechanics fln Russianl. [M]. pp.150. Moscow State University Publisher, Moscow.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ismael, I.S., Hassan, M.S. Characterization of some Egyptian serpentinites used as ornamental stones. Chin. J. Geochem. 27, 140–149 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-008-0140-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-008-0140-0