Abstract
Glacier disasters occur frequently in alpine regions around the world, but the current conventional geological disaster measurement technology cannot be directly used for glacier disaster measurement. Hence, in this study, a distributed multi-sensor measurement system for glacier deformation was established by integrating piezoelectric sensing, coded sensing, attitude sensing technology and wireless communication technology. The traditional Modbus protocol was optimized to solve the problem of data identification confusion of different acquisition nodes. Through indoor wireless transmission, adaptive performance analysis, error measurement experiment and landslide simulation experiment, the performance of the measurement system was analyzed and evaluated. Using unmanned aerial vehicle technology, the reliability and effectiveness of the measurement system were verified on the site of Galongla glacier in southeastern Tibet, China. The results show that the mean absolute percentage errors were only 1.13% and 2.09% for the displacement and temperature, respectively. The distributed glacier deformation real-time measurement system provides a new means for the assessment of the development process of glacier disasters and disaster prevention and mitigation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Availability of Data/Materials: The datasets generated during this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request and within the framework of cooperation agreements and scientific research projects.
References
Azzoni RS, Fugazza D, Zerboni A, et al. (2018) Evaluating high-resolution remote sensing data for reconstructing the recent evolution of supra glacial debris: A study in the central Alps (Stelvio Park, Italy). Prog Phys Geog 42(1): 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133317749434
Benoit L, Gourdon A, Vallat R, et al. (2019) A high-resolution image time series of the Gorner Glacier—Swiss Alps—derived from repeated unmanned aerial vehicle surveys. Earth Syst Sci Data 11(2): 579–588. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-579-2019
Carrera-Hernández JJ, Levresse G, Lacan P (2020) Is UAV-SFM surveying ready to replace traditional surveying Techniques? Int J Remote Sens 41(12): 4820–4837. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2020.1727049
Carturan L (2016) Replacing monitored glaciers undergoing extinction: a new measurement series on La Mare Glacier (Ortles-Cevedale, Italy). J Glaciol 62(236): 1093–1103. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.107)
Carturan L, Cazorzi F, Dalla Fontana G, et al. (2019) Automatic measurement of glacier ice ablation using thermistor strings. J Glaciol 65(250): 188–194. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2018.103
Chen NS, Hu GS, Wang T, et al. (2017) Mountain disaster formation and prediction and early warning. Science Press, Beijing p 36. (In Chinese)
Colomina I, Molina P (2014) Unmanned aerial systems for photogrammetry and remote sensing: A review. Isprs J Photogramm 92: 79–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.02.013
Cui P, Ma DT, Chen NS, et al. (2003) The formation, evolution and mitigation countermeasures of glacial lake outburst debris flow. Quaternary Sci Rev 23(6), 621–628. (In Chinese)
Dong HC, Pang LL, Li S, et al. (2021) Monitoring System of Debris Flow Water Level Based on Equivalent Sampling Method. Front Comt 1645–1652. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0115-6_191
Dong HC, Fang LD, Tao ZG, et al. (2022) Geoacoustic monitoring technology of debris flow based on piezoelectric sensor. Arab J Geosci 16(1): 2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-11077-3
Dong J, Zhang L, Tang MG, et al. (2018) Mapping landslide surface displacements with time series SAR interferometry by combining persistent and distributed scatterers: A case study of Jiaju landslide in Danba, China. Remote Sens Environ 205(2): 180–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.11.022
Fowler AC, Murra Tavi, Ng FSL (2001) Thermally controlled glacier surging. J Glaciol 47(159): 527–538. https://doi.org/10.3189/172756501781831792
Giordan D, Allasia P, Dematteis N, et al. (2016) A Low-Cost Optical Remote Sensing Application for Glacier Deformation Monitoring in an Alpine Environment. Sensors-Basel 16(10). https://doi.org/10.18306/dlkxjz.2021.09.013
Giordan D, Adams MS, Aicardi I, et al. (2020) The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for engineering geology applications. B Eng Geol Environ 79: 3437–3481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-020-01766-2
Guo W, Wang CH, Li P, et al. (2020) Design of distributed realtime monitoring system for geological disasters based on LoRa. Hydrogeology Engineering Geology 47 (04): 107–113. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.16030/j.cnki.issn.1000-3665.202003061
Hugonnet R, Mcnabb R, Berthier E, et al. (2021) Accelerated global glacier mass loss in the early twenty-first century. Nat 592: 726–731. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03436-z.
Hulth J (2010) Instruments and Methods Using a draw-wire sensor to continuously monitor glacier melt. J Glaciol 56(199): 922–924. https://doi.org/10.3189/002214310794457290
Huss M, Sold L, Hoelzle M, et al. (2013) Towards remote monitoring of sub-seasonal glacier mass balance. Ann Glaciol 54(63): 75–83. https://doi.org/10.18306/dlkxjz.2021.09.013
Immerzeel WW, Kraaijenbrink P, Shea JM, et al. (2014) High-resolution monitoring of Himalayan glacier dynamics using unmanned aerial vehicles. Remote Sens Environ 150: 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.025
Jouvet G, Van, Dongen E, et al. (2020) In situ measurements of the ice flow motion at Eqip Sermia Glacier using a remotely controlled unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Geosci Iinstrum Meth 9(1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-1-2020
Kääb A, Leinss S, Gilbert A, et al. (2018) Massive collapse of two glaciers in western Tibet in 2016 after surge-like instability. Nat Geosci 11:114–120. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-017-0039-7
Kang H, Yang QJ, Xu C, et al. (2020) Time-division multiplexing Modbus message transmission mode for IoT DTU devices. J Heilongjiang Univ Sci Technol 30(04): 460–464. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.2095-7262.2020.04.020
Kraaijenbrink P, Shea JM, Pellicciotti F, et al. (2016) Object-based analysis of unmanned aerial vehicle imagery to map and characterise surface features on a debris-covered glacier. Remote Sens Environ 186: 581–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.013
Kraaijenbrink P, Meijer SW, Shea JM, et al. (2016) Seasonal surface velocities of a Himalayan glacier derived by automated correlation of unmanned aerial vehicle imagery. Ann Glaciol 57(71): 103–113. https://doi.org/10.3189/2016AoG71A072
Li J, Li ZW, Zhu JJ, et al. (2017) Early 21st century glacier thickness changes in the Central Tien shan. Remote Sens Environ 192(4): 12–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.02.003
Li ZQ, Wang FT, Li HL, et al. (2018) Long-term glaciological observations leading glacier changes and impacts in continental and arid regions. J China Academy Sci 33 (12): 1381–1390. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.16418/j.issn.1000-3045.2018.12.012
Liu DL, Wu Q, Dong HC, et al. (2022) Construction and application of debris flow infrasound real-time monitoring and warning visualization platform. Nat Hazards 112(1): 521–543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-05192-9
Liu SJ, Wu LX, Mao YC, et al. (2020) Intelligent monitoring technology and typical application of open-pit mine slope based on Sky-Space-Ground cooperation. J China Coal Society 45(6): 2265–2276. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.13225/j.cnki.jccs.zn20.0362
Liu SY, Yao XJ, Guo WQ, et al. (2015) The contemporary glaciers in China based on the Second Chinese Glacier Inventory. J Geogr Soc China 70(1): 3–16. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201501001
Luo L, Zhu LP, Wang YJ, et al. (2019) The process of freezing and thawing and the zero curtain effect of debris-covered area of the Galongla Glacier in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Glacier permafrost 41(4): 751–760. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0025
Murray Tavi, Graham WS, Paul JM, et al. (2000) Glacier surge propagation by thermal evolution at the bed. JGR 105: 13491–13507. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900066
Pang LL, Dong HC, Feng JH, et al. (2019) Study on Spatiotemporal Evolution Correlation of Temperature and Moisture of Seasonal Frozen Soil in Zhangjiakou, Hebei. Chin J Soil Sci 50(02): 310–315. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.19336/j.cnki.trtb.2019.02.09
Paul F (2020) A 60-year chronology of glacier surges in the central Karakoram from the analysis of satellite image time-series. Geomorphology 352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.106993
Paul F, Piermattei L, Treichler D, et al. (2022) Three different glacier surges at a spot: what satellites observe and what not. Cryosphere 16(6): 2505–2526. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2505-2022
Petrakov DA, Tutubalina OV, Aleinikov AA, et al. (2012) Monitoring of Bashkara Glacier lakes (Central Caucasus, Russia) and modelling of their potential outburst. Nat Hazards 61(3): 1293–1316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-9983-5
Rossini M, Di Mauro B, Garzonio R, et al. (2018) Rapid melting dynamics of an alpine glacier with repeated UAV photogrammetry. Geomorphology 304: 159–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.12.039
Shen Z, Liang JR, Yang ML (2022) Design of elevator monitoring system based on LoRa and STM32. Sens Microsyst 41(05): 102–105. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.13873/J.1000-9787(2022)05-0102-04
Shi YF (2000) Glaciers and their environments in China: The present, past and future. Science Press, Beijing pp 101–103. (In Chinese)
Shi YF, Shen YP, Kang E, et al. (2007) Recent and future climate change in northwest China. Climatic Change 80(3): 379–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9121-7
Shi YF (2008) Glaciers and related environments in China. Science Press, Beijing. p 25. (In Chinese)
Shugar DH, Jacquemart M, Shean D, et al. (2021) A massive rock and ice avalanche caused the 2021disaster at Chamoli, Indian Himalaya. Science 373, 300–306. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abh4455
Tang XL, Xu LP, Zhang ZY, et al. (2013) Effects of glacier melting on socioeconomic development in the Manas River basin, China. Nat Hazards 66(2): 533–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0499-4
Wan XF, Cui J, Yang Y, et al. (2018) Transmission test system for underground LoRa wireless sensor networks. Journal of South China Agric Univ 39(03): 118–124. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.2018.03.018
Wang CH, Guo W (2018) Design of debris flow remote monitoring system based on STM32. Electron Technol Appl 44(05): 63–66. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.16157/j.issn.0258-7998.174502
Wigmore O, Bryan M (2017) Monitoring tropical debris-covered glacier dynamics from high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry, Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Cryosphere 11(6): 2463–2480. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2463-2017
Wu LX, Li J, Miao ZL, et al. (2021) The space-sky-surface collaborative intelligent monitoring mode and direction of disaster-inducing environment and disaster in glacier basin. J Surv Mapp 50(8): 1109–1121. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.11947/j.AGCS.2021.20210107
Xu Q, Dong XJ, Li WL (2019) Early identification, monitoring and early warning of major geological hazards based on Space-Air-Ground integration. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University 44(7): 957–966. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.13203/j.whugis20190088
Xue YA, Jing ZF, Kang SC (2021) Application of UAV in glacier change monitoring-A case study of Xiao Dong Ke Ma Di glacier in Tanggula Mountains. Adv Geogr Sci 40(09): 1590–1599. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.18306/dlkxjz.2021.09.013
Yang F (2021) Reliability research and error analysis of absolute grating ruler. PhD thesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences p 53.
Ye QH, Cheng WM, Zhao YL, et al. (2021) A review on the research of glacier changes on the Tibetan Plateau by remote sensing technologies. J Geoinf Sci 18(7): 920–930. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1047.2016.00920
Zhang GQ, Bolch T, Yao TD, et al. (2023) Underestimated mass loss from lake-terminating glaciers in the greater Himalaya. Nat Geosci 16: 333–338. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01150-1
Zhang XZ, Zhao TK, Xu JJ, et al. (2022) Nenjiang Water Quality Management and Protection System Based on LORA and Intelligent Edge Computing. Journal of Qiqihar University (Natural Science Edition) 38(05): 33–39. (In Chinese)
Zmarz A, Rodzewicz M, Dąbski M, et al. (2018) Application of UAV BVLOS remote sensing data for multi-faceted analysis of Antarctic ecosystem. Remote Sens Environ 217: 375–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.08.031
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by National Key R&D Program of China ((Nos. 2022YFC3003403 and 2018YFC1505203), Key Research and Development Program of Tibet Autonomous Region (XZ202301ZY0039G), Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (No. F2021201031), and Geological Survey Project of China Geological Survey (No. DD20221747).
The authors are grateful to Dongchuan Debris Flow Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Bomi Geological Disaster Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences for providing good working conditions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
DONG Han-chuan: Investigation, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing-original draft. LIU Shuang: Methodology, Conceptualization, Funding. PANG Lili: Data curation, Visualization, Writing-review & editing. TAO Zhi-gang: Supervision. FANG Li-de: Funding, Conceptualization. ZHANG Zhong-hua: Funding, Conceptualization. LI Xiao-ting: Funding, Conceptualization.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dong, Hc., Liu, S., Pang, Ll. et al. A multi-sensor-based distributed real-time measurement system for glacier deformation. J. Mt. Sci. 20, 2913–2927 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-023-8135-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-023-8135-1