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Effects of anti-pull ties on the bearing behaviors of shallow tunnel-type anchorages in soft rock

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Abstract

Tunnel-type anchorages (TTAs) installed in human gathering areas are characterized by a shallow burial depth, and in many instances, they utilize soft rock as the bearing stratum. However, the stability control measures and the principle of shallow TTAs in soft rock have not been fully studied. Hence, a structure suitable for improving the stability of shallow TTAs in soft rock strata, named the anti-pull tie (APT), was added to the floor of the back face. Physical tests and numerical models were established to study the influence of the APT on the load transfer of TTAs, the mechanical response of the surrounding rock, the stress distribution of the interface, and the failure model. The mechanical characteristics of APTs were also studied. The results show that the ultimate bearing capacity of TTAs with an APT is increased by approximately 11.8%, as compared to the TTAs without an APT. Also, the bearing capacity of TTAs increases approximately linearly with increasing height, width, length, and quantity of APTs, and decreases approximately linearly with increasing distance from the back face and slope angle of the tie slope. The normal squeezing between the tie slope and the surrounding rock increases the shear resistance of the interface and expands the range of the surrounding rock participating in bearing sharing. Both tension and compression zones exist in the APT during loading. The tension zone extends from the tie toe to the tie bottom along the tie slope. The range of the tie body tension zone constantly expands to the deep part of the APT with an increasing load. The peak tensile stress value is located at the tie toe. The distribution of compressive stress in the tie body is the largest at the tie top, followed by the tie slope, and then the tie bottom.

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Data Availability

Data will be made available from the corresponding author on request.

Abbreviations

ε :

Strain

μ :

Poisson’s ratio

φ :

Internal friction angle

γ :

Bulk density

σ :

Stress

δ :

Displacement

c :

Cohesion

E :

Elasticity modulus

R :

Compressive strength

m :

Model parameter

C :

Similarity ratio

W :

Displacement of plug body in the pull direction

j :

Length of the 1/4 ellipse

n :

Cutting depth of model

B :

Width of the floor of the back face

h :

Height of APT

l :

Length of APT

q :

Width of APT

α :

Slope angle of APT

t :

Number of APT

u :

Distance from the back face

P :

Load

L :

Object size

p :

Prototype parameter

Qu :

Ultimate bearing capacity

P m :

Design load

ζ Qu :

Correlation degree

k :

Width of the 1/4 ellipse

V :

Length of the plug body

TTA:

Tunnel-type anchorage

APT:

Anti-pull tie

JYRB:

Jijiang Yangtze River Bridge

TYRB:

Taihong Yangtze River Bridge

FLAC3D:

Three Dimensional Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua

MIDAS:

Multi-tier Distributed Applications Services

GTS NX:

New Experience of Geo-Technical Analysis System

M-1#–9#:

Serial numbers of measurement points

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42302332), the Special Funding of Chongqing Postdoctoral Research Project (Grant No. 2022CQBSHTB2061, 2022CQBSHTB1010), the Chongqing Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. CSTB2022NSCQ-BHX0738, CSTB2023NSCQ-BHX0223), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2023M730432), the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing (Grant No. CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0913, cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0869), and the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Chongqing Jiaotong University (Grant No. F1220105, 22JDKJC-A008).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China

    Ya-feng Han, Erdi Abi, Yi-liang Tu & Bin Xu

  2. School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China

    Ya-feng Han, Xin-rong Liu, Xiao-han Zhou & Zhi-yun Deng

  3. National Joint Engineering Research Center of Geohazards Prevention in The Reservoir Areas (Chongqing), Chongqing, 400045, China

    Xin-rong Liu & Xiao-han Zhou

  4. State Key Laboratory of Mountain Bridge and Tunnel Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China

    Yi-liang Tu

  5. Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Zhi-yun Deng

  6. Chongqing Branch of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, Chongqing, 400026, China

    Zhong-hao Wang

Authors
  1. Ya-feng Han
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  2. Xin-rong Liu
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  5. Bin Xu
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Conceptualization and resources were proposed by LIU Xin-rong, WANG Zhong-hao, and ABI Erdi. Material preparation, data collection, analysis and validation were performed by TU Yi-liangXU Bin, ZHOU Xiao-han and DENG Zhi-yun. The original draft and the revised manuscript were written by HAN Ya-feng and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Xin-rong Liu, Bin Xu or Zhi-yun Deng.

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Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Han, Yf., Liu, Xr., Abi, E. et al. Effects of anti-pull ties on the bearing behaviors of shallow tunnel-type anchorages in soft rock. J. Mt. Sci. 20, 2708–2730 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-023-8068-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-023-8068-8

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