Abstract
Research on macroinvertebrate community structure in Andean rivers has been oriented towards describing patterns of alpha and gamma diversity by taking into account environmental predictors at local spatial scales (e.g., micro- and mesohabitats). However, the patterns of beta diversity and the importance of landscape-scale variables have been evaluated to a lesser extent. The objective of this study was to describe the patterns of alpha and beta diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates in the Andean rivers of the Orinoco basin and their relationship with local and landscape environmental variation. A stratified random sampling of macroinvertebrates was carried out at 40 sites (comprising an altitudinal range of between 500 and 2900 m.a.s.l.), local and landscape variables were measured. Our results showed that the variation of alpha diversity was influenced by local and landscape variables, which are directly and indirectly related to the contribution of sediments, substrate composition and flow velocity, providing a heterogeneity of habitats. Global beta diversity was explained by the combined effect of local and landscape variables. Regarding the beta diversity phenomena, turnover was predominant while nestedness presented a minor contribution and both were explained in greater proportion by local descriptors and some landscape variables, specifically those of a geomorphological nature. Our results concur with the view of an environmental and spatial hierarchy within the river habitat and highlight the influence of multiple scales on macroinvertebrate diversity. The above suggests that both local and landscape scales must necessarily be considered for environmental management and the conservation of Andean lotic ecosystems.
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Data Availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the author, CARF, upon reasonable request.
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Acknowledgments
This study is part the research project “Importancia de las variables locales y de paisaje sobre las comunidades de peces y macroinvertebrados bentónicos de sistemas lóticos andinos” (SGI 2955) financed by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation of Colombia (MINCIENCIAS) with resources from the Fondo Nacional de Patrimonio Autónomo para el Financiamiento de la Ciencia, la Tecnología y la Innovación Francisco José de Caldas (Acuerdo Especial de Cooperación 404–2019, código 15464–2020 del 19 de marzo de 2020 y Acuerdo Especial de Cooperación 386–2019, código 15499–2020 del 25 de marzo de 2020) and by the Research and Extension Vicerrector (VIE) of the Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC). This project was endorsed by the Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia ethics committee (Acta No 06 del 12 de agosto de 2019). The collection of biological material had the permission of the national authority for environmental licenses (ANLA, Permiso Marco de Recolecta 724 of 2014). We thank professors Nelson Aranguren Riaño and Yimy Herrera Martínez for his administrative advice and review of the project, Andrés Galán, Cristian Vargas, Daniela Becerra and Felipe Moreno for their support in the field, and Professor Narcís Prat-Fornells for the taxonomic confirmation of some of the genera of the Diptera order.
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Roa-Fuentes conceptualized and obtained the funds for the research; Pedroza-Ramos, Barrera-Herrera and Diaz-Rojas carried out the collection and taxonomic identification of specimens. All the authors participated equally in the data validation, formal analysis, editing, and writing of the manuscript.
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Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that they all agree with this publication and that they have made contributions that justify their authorship; that there is no conflict of interest of any kind; and that they have complied with all relevant ethical and legal requirements and procedures.
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Diaz-Rojas, C.A., Pedroza-Ramos, A.X., Barrera-Herrera, J.A. et al. Influence of local and landscape environmental factors on alpha and beta diversity of macroinvertebrates in Andean rivers. J. Mt. Sci. 20, 2487–2501 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-022-7867-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-022-7867-7