Abstract
Elucidating how multiple factors affect biodiversity and plant community assembly is a central issue in ecology, especially in vulnerable ecosystems such as tropical mountains. These studies are more relevant in global warming scenarios that induce the upward displacement of plant species towards reduced habitats and hostile environments in tropical mountains. This study aimed to analyze how altitude affects taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity in plant communities of tropical mountains. Thus, we tested if (i) increased altitude works as an environmental filtering promoting decreased species richness, decreased phylogenetic diversity, and increased phylogenetic clustering in these tropical mountains; and if (ii) plant communities of high altitude in tropical mountains are also result of recent diversification with plant species recently split shortening phylogenetic distances between closest related species. We tested effects of altitude on species richness and phylogenetic metrics using linear mixed-effects models. Mount Haleakala presented 114 species, Mount Kilimanjaro presented 231 species and Mount Purace presented 280 species. We found an environmental filtering effect with increasing altitude causing phylogenetic clustering, decreased phylogenetic diversity and decreased species richness. The decreasing phylogenetic distances between closest relatives are congruent with neo-endemics, suggesting recent plant diversification in high altitudes of tropical mountains, possibly driven by geographic isolation and environmental heterogeneity. Consequences of global warming should be monitored in tropical mountains focusing on distribution shifts.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
References
Aldana AM, Carlucci MB, Fine PVA, Stevenson PR (2017) Environmental filtering of eudicot lineages underlies phylogenetic clustering in tropical South American flooded forests. Oecologia 183:327–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-016-3734-y
Anderson L (1995) Diversity and origins of Andean Rubiaceae. In: Diversity and conservation of neotropical montane forests. The New York Botanical Garden, New York, USA. pp 441–450.
Anderson MJ, Crist TO, Chase JM, et al. (2011) Navigating the multiple meanings of β diversity: a roadmap for the practicing ecologist. Ecol Lett 14:19–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01552.x
Arzac A, Llambí LD, Dulhoste R, et al. (2019) Modelling the effect of temperature changes on plant life-form distribution across a treeline ecotone in the tropical Andes. Plant Ecol Divers 12:619–631. https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2019.1655108
Bagousse-Pinguet YL, Gross N, Maestre FT, et al. (2017) Testing the environmental filtering concept in global drylands. J Ecol 105:1058–1069. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12735
Baraloto C, Hardy OJ, Paine CET, et al. (2012) Using functional traits and phylogenetic trees to examine the assembly of tropical tree communities. J Ecol 100:690–701. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.01966.x
Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B, et al. (2014) lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4.
Beaman JH, Beaman RS (1990) Diversity and distribution patterns in the flora of Mount Kinabalu. In: Baas P, Kalkman K, Geesink R (eds.), The Plant Diversity of Malesia. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht. pp 147–160.
Bradshaw WE, Holzapfel CM (2006) Evolutionary response to rapid climate change. Science 312:1477–1478. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1127000
Bremer H, Sander H (2000) Inselbergs: Geomorphology and Geoecology. In: Porembski S, Barthlott W (eds.), Inselbergs: Biotic Diversity of Isolated Rock Outcrops in Tropical and Temperate Regions. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp 7–35.
Brochmann C, Gizaw A, Chala D, et al. (2021) History and evolution of the afroalpine flora: in the footsteps of Olov Hedberg. Alp Bot. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00035-021-00256-9
Buytaert W, Célleri R, De Bièvre B, et al. (2006) Human impact on the hydrology of the Andean páramos. Earth-Sci Rev 79:53–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.06.002
Campos PV, Schaefer CEGR, Pontara V, et al. (2021a) Exploring the relationship between soil and plant evolutionary diversity in the Roraima table mountain OCBIL, Guayana Highlands. Biol J Linn Soc 133:587–603. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blab013
Campos PV, Schaefer CEGR, Pontara V, et al. (2021b) Local-scale environmental filtering shape plant taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity in an isolated Amazonian tepui (Tepequém table mountain). Evol Ecol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-021-10141-w
Carbutt C, Edwards TJ (2015) Reconciling ecological and phytogeographical spatial boundaries to clarify the limits of the montane and alpine regions of sub-Sahelian Africa. South Afr J Bot 98:64–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.01.014
Cavender-Bares J, Kozak KH, Fine PVA, Kembel SW (2009) The merging of community ecology and phylogenetic biology. Ecol Lett 12:693–715. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01314.x
Chacón-Moreno E, Rodríguez-Morales M, Paredes D, et al. (2021) Impacts of Global Change on the Spatial Dynamics of Treeline in Venezuelan Andes. Front Ecol Evol 9
Chawla A, Rajkumar S, Singh KN, et al. (2008) Plant species diversity along an altitudinal gradient of Bhabha Valley in western Himalaya. J Mt Sci 5:157–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-008-0079-y
Cirimwami L, Doumenge C, Kahindo J-M, Amani C (2019) The effect of elevation on species richness in tropical forests depends on the considered lifeform: results from an East African mountain forest. Trop Ecol 60:473–484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42965-019-00050-z
Cornwell WK, Ackerly DD (2009) Community assembly and shifts in plant trait distributions across an environmental gradient in coastal California. Ecol Monogr 79:109–126. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1134.1
Crawley MJ (2009) The R Book, 1st edn. Wiley, Chichester.
Cuesta F, Muriel P, Llambí LD, et al. (2017) Latitudinal and altitudinal patterns of plant community diversity on mountain summits across the tropical Andes. Ecography 40:1381–1394. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02567
Cuesta F, Tovar C, Llambí LD, et al. (2020) Thermal niche traits of high alpine plant species and communities across the tropical Andes and their vulnerability to global warming. J Biogeogr 47:408–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13759
Culmsee H, Leuschner C (2013) Consistent patterns of elevational change in tree taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity across Malesian mountain forests. J Biogeogr 40:1997–2010. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12138
Fadrique B, Báez S, Duque Á, et al. (2018) Widespread but heterogeneous responses of Andean forests to climate change. Nature 564:207–212. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0715-9
Faith DP (1992) Conservation evaluation and phylogenetic diversity. Biol Conserv 61:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(92)91201-3
FAO — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2015) Understanding mountain soils: A contribution from mountain areas to the International Year of Soils 2015, First. FAO, Rome.
Feeley KJ, Silman MR, Bush MB, et al. (2011) Upslope migration of Andean trees. J Biogeogr 38:783–791. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02444.x
Galván-Cisneros CM, Heringer G, Domen YSM, et al. (2021) The environmental filtering and the conservation of tropical dry forests in mountains in a global change scenario. Biodivers Conserv. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02215-6
Gastauer M, Meira-Neto JAA (2013) Interactions, Environmental Sorting and Chance: Phylostructure of a Tropical Forest Assembly. Folia Geobot 49:443–459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12224-013-9181-1
Gastauer M, Thiele J, Porembski S, Neri AV (2020) How do altitude and soil properties influence the taxonomic and phylogenetic structure and diversity of Brazilian páramo vegetation? J Mt Sci 17:1045–1057. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-019-5403-1
González-Caro S, Umaña MN, Álvarez E, et al. (2014) Phylogenetic alpha and beta diversity in tropical tree assemblages along regional-scale environmental gradients in northwest South America. J Plant Ecol 7:145–153. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtt076
Götzenberger L, de Bello F, Bråthen KA, et al. (2012) Ecological assembly rules in plant communities—approaches, patterns and prospects. Biol Rev 87:111–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2011.00187.x
Hamid M, Khuroo AA, Malik AH, et al. (2020) Early Evidence of Shifts in Alpine Summit Vegetation: A Case Study from Kashmir Himalaya. Front Plant Sci 11:421. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00421
Hemp A (2006) Vegetation of Kilimanjaro: hidden endemics and missing bamboo. Afr J Ecol 44:305–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00679.x
Hofstede RGM (2003) Los paramos en el mundo: su diversidad y sus habitantes. In: Hofstede RGM, Mena VP, Segarra P (eds.), Los Paramos del Mundo. Global Peatland Initiative/NC-IUCN/EcoCiencia, Quitohubbell 2001 leibold. pp 13–36.
Hubbell SP (2001) The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Hughes C, Eastwood R (2006) Island radiation on a continental scale: Exceptional rates of plant diversification after uplift of the Andes. PNAS 103:10334–10339. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0601928103
IPCC (2021a) Climate Change 2021 — The Physical Science Basis:Working Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
IPCC (2021b) IPCC AR6-WGI Atlas. https://interactive-atlas.ipcc.ch/atlas. Accessed 9 Aug 2021
Janzen DH (1967) Why Mountain Passes are Higher in the Tropics. The American Naturalist 101:233–249.
Jin Y, Qian H (2019) V.PhyloMaker: an R package that can generate very large phylogenies for vascular plants. Ecography. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.04434
Kembel SW (2015) Package ‘picante.’ https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/picante/picante.pdf. Accessed 12 Aug 2016
Kembel SW, Hubbell SP (2006) The phylogenetic structure of a neotropical forest tree community. Ecology 87:S86–S99. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[86:TPSOAN]2.0.CO;2
Kerkhoff AJ, Moriarty PE, Weiser MD (2014) The latitudinal species richness gradient in New World woody angiosperms is consistent with the tropical conservatism hypothesis. PNAS 111:8125–8130. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1308932111
Kidane YO, Hoffmann S, Jaeschke A, et al. (2022) Ericaceous vegetation of the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia will prevail in the face of climate change. Sci Rep 12:1858. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05846-z
Kitayama K, Mueller-Dombois D (1992) Vegetation of the Wet Windward Slope of Haleakala, Maui, Hawaii. Pacific Science 46:197–220
Klanderud K, Vandvik V, Goldberg D (2015) The Importance of Biotic vs. Abiotic Drivers of Local Plant Community Composition Along Regional Bioclimatic Gradients. PLOS ONE 10:e0130205. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130205
Knox EB, Palmer JD (1995) Chloroplast DNA variation and the recent radiation of the giant senecios (Asteraceae) on the tall mountains of eastern Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:10349–10353.
Körner C, Jetz W, Paulsen J, et al. (2017) A global inventory of mountains for bio-geographical applications. Alp Bot 127:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00035-016-0182-6
Kraft NJB, Adler PB, Godoy O, et al. (2015) Community assembly, coexistence and the environmental filtering metaphor. Funct Ecol 29:592–599. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12345
Laliberté E, Zemunik G, Turner BL (2014) Environmental filtering explains variation in plant diversity along resource gradients. Science 345:1602–1605. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1256330
Leibold MA, McPeek MA (2006) Coexistence of the niche and neutral perspectives in community ecology. Ecology 87:1399–1410. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[1399:COTNAN]2.0.CO;2
Lencinas MV, Soler R, Cellini JM, et al. (2021) Variation in Alpine Plant Diversity and Soil Temperatures in Two Mountain Landscapes of South Patagonia. Diversity 13:310. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13070310
Li XH, Zhu XX, Niu Y, Sun H (2014) Phylogenetic clustering and overdispersion for alpine plants along elevational gradient in the Hengduan Mountains Region, southwest China. J Syst Evol 52:280–288. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12027
Llambí LD, Melfo A, Gámez LE, et al. (2021) Vegetation Assembly, Adaptive Strategies and Positive Interactions during Primary Succession in the Forefield of the Last Venezuelan Glacier. Front Ecol Evol 9.
Lomolino MarkV (2001) Elevation gradients of species-density: historical and prospective views. Global Ecol Biogeogr 10:3–13. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822x.2001.00229.x
Long JA (2021) jtools: Analysis and Presentation of Social Scientific Data.
Losos JB (2008) Phylogenetic niche conservatism, phylogenetic signal and the relationship between phylogenetic relatedness and ecological similarity among species. Ecol Lett 11:995–1003. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01229.x
MacArthur RH, Wilson EO (1967) The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press.
MacArthur RH, Wilson EO (1963) An Equilibrium Theory of Insular Zoogeography. Evolution 17:373–387. https://doi.org/10.2307/2407089
Machac A, Janda M, Dunn RR, Sanders NJ (2011) Elevational gradients in phylogenetic structure of ant communities reveal the interplay of biotic and abiotic constraints on diversity. Ecography 34:364–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06629.x
Madriñán S, Cortés A, Richardson J (2013) Páramo is the world’s fastest evolving and coolest biodiversity hotspot. Frontiers in Genetics 4.
Maharjan SK, Sterck FJ, Raes N, Poorter L (2022) Temperature and soils predict the distribution of plant species along the Himalayan elevational gradient. J Trop Ecol 38:58–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026646742100050X
Manish K, Pandit MK (2018) Phylogenetic diversity, structure and diversification patterns of endemic plants along the elevational gradient in the Eastern Himalaya. Plant Ecol Divers 11:501–513. https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2018.1534147
Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, et al. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853–858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501
Ndiribe C, Pellissier L, Antonelli S, et al. (2013) Phylogenetic plant community structure along elevation is lineage specific. Ecol Evol 3:4925–4939. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.868
Neri AV, Borges GRA, Meira-Neto JAA, et al. (2017) Soil and altitude drive diversity and functioning of Brazilian Páramos (campo de altitude). J Plant Ecol 10:771–779. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtw088
Noroozi J, Talebi A, Doostmohammadi M, et al. (2018) Hotspots within a global biodiversity hotspot — areas of endemism are associated with high mountain ranges. Sci Rep 8:10345. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-28504-9
Ornellas T, Heiden G, de Luna BN, Barros CF (2019) Comparative leaf anatomy of Baccharis (Asteraceae) from high-altitude grasslands in Brazil: taxonomic and ecological implications. Botany 97:615–626. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2019-0035
Parmesan C (2006) Ecological and Evolutionary Responses to Recent Climate Change. Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst 37:637–669
Parmesan C, Yohe G (2003) A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature 421:37–42. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01286
Pegoraro L, Baker EC, Aeschimann D, et al. (2020) The correlation of phylogenetics, elevation and ploidy on the incidence of apomixis in Asteraceae in the European Alps. Bot J Linn Soc 194:410–422. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boaa058
Peñuelas J, Filella I, Comas PerE (2002) Changed plant and animal life cycles from 1952 to 2000 in the Mediterranean region. Glob Change Biol 8:531–544. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00489.x
Qian H, Hao Z, Zhang J (2014) Phylogenetic structure and phylogenetic diversity of angiosperm assemblages in forests along an elevational gradient in Changbaishan, China. J Plant Ecol 7:154–165. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtt072
Qian H, Ricklefs RE, Thuiller W (2021) Evolutionary assembly of flowering plants into sky islands. Nat Ecol Evol 5:640–646. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01423-1
Qian H, Zhang J, Sandel B, Jin Y (2020) Phylogenetic structure of angiosperm trees in local forest communities along latitudinal and elevational gradients in eastern North America. Ecography 43:419–430. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.04873
R Development Core Team (2021) R: The R Project for Statistical Computing. https://www.r-project.org/. Accessed 30 Aug 2021
Rada F, Azócar A, García-Núñez C (2019) Plant functional diversity in tropical Andean páramos. Plant Ecol Divers 12:539–553. https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2019.1674396
Rangel-Ch O, Lozano C G (1986) Un perfil de vegetación entre La Plata (Huila) y el volcán del Purace. Caldasia 14:503–547
Rangwala I, Miller J (2012) Climate change in mountains: a review of elevation-dependent warming and its possible causes. Climatic Change 114:527–547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0419-3
Richter M (2008) Tropical mountain forests — Distribution and general features. In: The Tropical Mountain Forest — Patterns and Processes in a Biodiversity Hotspot. Universitätsverlag Göttingen. pp 7–24.
Rosenzweig M (1995) Species Diversity in Space and Time. Cambrige University Press.
Sawyer S, Hartl D (1981) On the evolution of behavioral reproductive isolation: The Wallace effect. Theor Popul Biol 19:261–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-5809(81)90021-6
Schubert M, Humphreys AM, Lindberg CL, et al. (2020) To Coldly Go Where No Grass has Gone Before: A Multidisciplinary Review of Cold Adaptation in Poaceae. In: Roberts JA (ed.), Annual Plant Reviews online, 1st edn. Wiley. pp 523–562.
Seastedt TR, Oldfather MF (2021) Climate Change, Ecosystem Processes and Biological Diversity Responses in High Elevation Communities. Climate 9:87. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli9050087
Sklenář P, Hedberg I, Cleef AM (2014) Island biogeography of tropical alpine floras. J Biogeogr 41:287–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12212
Soberón J (2007) Grinnellian and Eltonian niches and geographic distributions of species. EcolLett 10:1115–1123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01107.x
Steinbauer K, Lamprecht A, Winkler M, et al. (2022) Recent changes in high-mountain plant community functional composition in contrasting climate regimes. Sci Total Environ 829:154541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154541
Swenson NG, Enquist BJ (2009) Opposing assembly mechanisms in a neotropical dry forest: implications for phylogenetic and functional community ecology. Ecology 90:2161–2170
Telwala Y, Brook BW, Manish K, Pandit MK (2013) Climate-Induced Elevational Range Shifts and Increase in Plant Species Richness in a Himalayan Biodiversity Epicentre. PLOS ONE 8:e57103. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057103
Testolin R, Carmona CP, Attorre F, et al. (2021) Global functional variation in alpine vegetation. J Veg Sci 32:e13000. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.13000
Toledo M, Peña-Claros M, Bongers F, et al. (2012) Distribution patterns of tropical woody species in response to climatic and edaphic gradients: Environmental responses of tropical trees. J Ecol 100:253–263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01890.x
Trigas P, Panitsa M, Tsiftsis S (2013) Elevational Gradient of Vascular Plant Species Richness and Endemism in Crete — The Effect of Post-Isolation Mountain Uplift on a Continental Island System. PLoS ONE 8:e59425. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059425
Venn S, Pickering C, Green K (2014) Spatial and temporal functional changes in alpine summit vegetation are driven by increases in shrubs and graminoids. AoB PLANTS 6:. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plu008
Villalba R, Masiokas MH, Kitzberger T, Boninsegna JA (2005) Biogeographical Consequences of Recent Climate Changes in the Southern Andes of Argentina. In: Huber UM, Bugmann HKM, Reasoner MA (eds.), Global Change and Mountain Regions: An Overview of Current Knowledge. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht. pp 157–166.
Violle C, Nemergut DR, Pu Z, Jiang L (2011) Phylogenetic limiting similarity and competitive exclusion. Ecol Lett 14:782–787. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01644.x
Webb CO (2000) Exploring the Phylogenetic Structure of Ecological Communities: An Example for Rain Forest Trees. The American Naturalist 156:145–155. https://doi.org/10.1086/303378
Webb CO, Ackerly DD, McPeek MA, Donoghue MJ (2002) Phylogenies and community ecology. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 33:475–505. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150448
Wickham H (2016) ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer-Verlag New York.
Worthy SJ, Jiménez Paz RA, Pérez ÁJ, et al. (2019) Distribution and community assembly of trees along an andean elevational gradient. Plants (Basel) 8:326. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8090326
Xu J, Chen Y, Zhang L, et al. (2017) Using phylogeny and functional traits for assessing community assembly along environmental gradients: A deterministic process driven by elevation. Ecol Evol 7:5056–5069. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3068
Zhang X, Sun Y, Landis JB, et al. (2021) Transcriptomes of Saussurea (Asteraceae) provide insights into high-altitude adaptation. Plants 10:1715. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081715
Zhao H, Li X, Zhang Z, et al. (2017a) Species diversity and drivers of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in a semi-arid mountain in China. PeerJ 5:e4155. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4155
Zhao M-F, Xue F, Wang Y-H, et al. (2017b) Phylogenetic structure and diversity of herbaceous communities in the conifer forests along an elevational gradient in Luya Mountain, Shanxi, China. Chinese J Plant Ecol 41:707–715. https://doi.org/10.17521/cjpe.2016.0247
Zhu Z-X, Nizamani MM, Sahu SK, et al. (2019) Tree abundance, richness, and phylogenetic diversity along an elevation gradient in the tropical forest of Diaoluo Mountain in Hainan, China. Acta Oecologica 101:103481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2019.103481
Zu K, Wang Z, Zhu X, et al. (2021) Upward shift and elevational range contractions of subtropical mountain plants in response to climate change. Sci Total Environ 783:146896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146896
Zuur AF, Ieno EN, Meesters EHWG (2009) Introduction. In: Zuur AF, Ieno EN, Meesters EHWG (eds.), A Beginner’s Guide to R. Springer, New York, NY. pp 1–27.
Acknowledgments
Thanks to the Botany Graduate Program of Universidade Federal de Viçosa — PPGBot-UFV for the infrastructure and scholarships. The funding was provided by FAPEMIG (FORTIS/PPGBot-UFV, PPM-00584-16, APQ — 01309 — 16), CAPES (PROAP and PrInt/PPGBot-UFV), CNPq (307591/2016 — 6, 306335/2020-4).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic Supplementary Material
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Galván-Cisneros, C.M., Villa, P.M., Coelho, A.J.P. et al. Altitude as environmental filtering influencing phylogenetic diversity and species richness of plants in tropical mountains. J. Mt. Sci. 20, 285–298 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-022-7687-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-022-7687-9
Keywords
- Tropical mountains
- Global warming
- Environmental filtering
- Phylogenetic ecology
- Assembly rules
- Conservation
- Mountaintop vegetation