Abstract
Phyllite fragments are essential for accumulating and generating talus slope at the toes of hillslopes, however, how they are linked to slope failure remains unknown. This paper reports the directional arrangement of phyllite fragments (DAPF) in phyllite talus slope at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Field investigation, mathematical statistics and model experiments were performed in order to systematically understand the influencing factors, which include fragment shape, flat ratio, dip angle (α), and fine particle content (c). The results show that the quadrilateral fragment generates a similar imbricate structure more easily than the triangular and rod fragments in the phyllite talus slope. Additionally, the flat phyllite fragments easily accumulate as imbricated structures on the phyllite talus slope. When the dip angle (α) is in the range of 20°–30°, the minimum orientation ratio (P) is more than 50%, which means that the DAPF phenomenon is more obvious in the phyllite talus slope. For the fine particle content (c) at the same dip angle (α), the minimum orientation ratio (P) is 54%, and the minimum orientation ratio (P) correlates positively with the fine particle content (c). Therefore, compared with the homogeneous talus slope, the phyllite talus slope displays a special DAPF phenomenon. This study provides a valuable reference and presents novel knowledge for risk assessment and engineering design against the phyllite talus slope failure mechanism.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andrade PS, Saraiva AA (2010) Physical and mechanical characterization of phyllites and metagreywackes in central Portugal. Bull Eng Geol Environ 69(2): 207–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-009-0251-9
Bai Y, Zhou D, Feng J (2005) Upper limit of angle between strikes of slope and strata for dip slope. J Southwest Jiaotong Univ (03): 326–329. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.2005.03.009
Brookfield ME (1998) The evolution of the great river systems of southern Asia during the Cenozoic India-Asia collision: rivers draining southwards. Geomorphology 22(3): 285–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(97)00082-2
Chen Q, Sun M, Long XP, et al. (2016) U-Pb ages and Hf isotopic record of zircons from the late Neoproterozoic and Silurian-Devonian sedimentary rocks of the western Yangtze Block: Implications for its tectonic evolution and continental affinity. Gondwana Res 31: 184–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2015.01.009
Chen ZQ, He C, Xu GW, et al. (2019) Supporting mechanism and mechanical behavior of a double primary support method for tunnels in broken phyllite under high geo-stress: a case study. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78(7): 5253–5267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01479-1
Chigira M, Wu X, Inokuchi T, Wang G (2010) Landslides induced by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan, China. Geomorphology 118(3–4): 225–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.01.003
Cui G (2000) Hydraulics Engineering Geology. China Water&Power Press
Feng J, Zhou D, Li A (2005) Physical Modeling Research on Relaxation Region of Consequent Rock Slope Induced by Road Cutting. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 24(05): 840–845. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2005.05.019
Galvao T, Rodrigues PA, Giovana PM, Alves DS (2010) Bioengineering techniques associated with soil nailing applied to slope stabilization and erosion control. Nat Hazards Rev 11(2): 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1527-6988(2010)11:2(43)
Garzón E, Sánchez-Soto PJ, Romero E (2010) Physical and geotechnical properties of clay phyllites. Appl Clay Sci 48(3): 307–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2009.12.022
Ge J, You Q, Zhang Y (2019) Effect of Tibetan Plateau heating on summer extreme precipitation in eastern China. Atmos Res 218: 364–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.12.018
Harrison TM, Copeland P, Kidd W, Yin A (1992) Raising Tibet. Science 255(5052): 1663–1670. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.255.5052.1663
He C, Hu XL, Tannant DD, et al. (2018) Response of a landslide to reservoir impoundment in model tests. Eng Geol 247: 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.10.021
He KQ, Wang SQ, Du W, Wang SJ (2008) The dynamic parameter of rainfall: its importance in the prediction of colluvial landslides. Bull Eng Geol Environ 67(3): 345–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-008-0143-4
Hsu H, Liu X (2003) Relationship between the Tibetan Plateau heating and East Asian summer monsoon rainfall. Geophys Res Lett 30(20). https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl017909
Immerzeel WW, Van Beek LP, Bierkens MF (2010) Climate change will affect the Asian water towers. Science 328(5984): 1382–5. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1183188
Jiang Q, Chan D, Xiong J, et al. (2016) Back analysis of a debris landslide based on a real-time video recording: sliding process and post-slide investigation. Bull Eng Geol Environ 75(2): 647–658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-015-0831-9
Jiang Y, Wang P, Xu X, Zhang J (2014) Dynamics of carbon fluxes with responses to vegetation, meteorological and terrain factors in the south-eastern Tibetan Plateau. Environ Earth Sci 72(11): 4551–4565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3354-y
Khorasani E, Amini M, Hossaini MF, Medley E (2019) Evaluating the effects of the inclinations of rock blocks on the stability of Bimrock slopes. Geomech Eng 17(3):281–287. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.17.3.281
Kuo C, Rollings RS, Lynch LN (1998) Morphological study of coarse aggregates using image analysis. J Mater Civ Eng 10(3): 135–142. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1998)10:3(135)
Kuo CY, Frost JDF, Lai JSL, Wang LB (1996) Three-Dimensional Image analysis of aggregate particles from orthogonal projections. Transp Res Record 1526: 98–103. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198196152600112
Kutzbach J, Prell WL, Ruddiman WF (1993) Sensitivity of Eurasian climate to surface uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. J Geol 101(2): 177–190. https://doi.org/10.2307/30081146
Kwan AKH, Mora CF, Chan HC (1999) Particle shape analysis of coarse aggregate using digital image processing. Cem Concr Res 29(9): 1403–1410. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00105-2
Leão MF, Barroso EV, Polivanov H, et al. (2019) Weathering of metapelites from the Quadrilátero Ferrífero mineral province, southeastern Brazil. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78(1): 19–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-017-1036-1
Li ZC, Wei ZG, Lv SH, et al. (2014) Effect of land surface processes on the Tibetan Plateau’s past and its predicted response to global warming: an analytical investigation based on simulation results from the CMIP5 model. Environ Earth Sci 72(4): 1155–1166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-3034-3
Lindquist ES, Goodman RE (1994) Strength and deformation properties of a physical model Melange. 1st North American Rock Mechanics Symposium, Austin, Texas.
Marques EAG, Vargas EA, Leão MF (2020) Weathering of rocks in Brazil. Soft Rock Mechanics and Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29477-9_10
Medley E, Goodman RE (1994) Estimating the block volumetric proportions of melanges and similar Block-in-Matrix Rocks (Bimrocks). In: Nelson PP, Laubach SE (eds.), 1st North American Rock Mechanics Symposium. Austin, Texas. pp 851–858
Medley E, Rehermann PFS (2004) Characterization of Bimrocks (Rock-Soil Mixtures) with Application to Slope Stability Problems. Eurock 2004 & 53rd Geomechanics Colloquium Salzburg, Austria.
Molnar P, England P, Martinod J (1993) Mantle dynamics, uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, and the Indian Monsoon. Rev Geophys 31(4): 357. https://doi.org/10.1029/93rg02030
Mora CF, Kwan AKH (2000) Sphericity, shape factor, and convexity measurement of coarse aggregate for concrete using digital image processing. Cem Concr Res 30(3): 351–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00259-8
Özbek A, Gül M, Karacan E, Alca Ö (2018) Anisotropy effect on strengths of metamorphic rocks. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 10(1): 164–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2017.09.006
Ramamurthy T, Rao GV, Singh J (1993) Engineering behaviour of phyllites. Eng Geol 33(3): 209–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(93)90059-L
Shakoor A, Smithmyer AJ (2005) An analysis of storm-induced landslides in colluvial soils overlying mudrock sequences, southeastern Ohio, USA. Eng Geol 78(3–4): 257–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.01.001
Sun SR, Xu PL, Wei JH, et al. (2014) Strength parameter identification and application of soil-rock mixture for steep-walled talus slopes in southwestern China. Bull Eng Geol Environ 73(1): 123–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-013-0524-1
Tan X, Li C (1959) Xikang Geology of Sichuan. Geological Publishing House (In Chinese)
Tong Z (1984) Subdivisions of the Maoxian group in Jiudingshan of Maowen district, Sichuan and the brachiopoda faunae. Stratigraphic Paleontology (01):59–69. (In Chinese)
Wang GH, Huang RQ, Lourenço SDN, Kamai T (2014) A large landslide triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan (M8.0) earthquake in Donghekou area: Phenomena and mechanisms. Eng Geol 182: 148–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.07.013
Wang S, Xu W, Shi C, Zhang, Q (2014) Numerical simulation of direct shear tests on mechanical properties of talus deposits based on self-adaptive PCNN digital image processing. J Cent South Univ 21(7): 2904–2914. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-014-2256-1
Wu T, Qian Z (2003) The relation between the Tibetan winter snow and the Asian summer monsoon and rainfall: an observational investigation. J Clim 16(12): 2038–2051. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<2038:trbttw>2.0.co;2
Wu YQ, Cui ZJ, Liu GG, et al. (2001) Quaternary geomorphological evolution of the Kunlun Pass area and uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. Geomorphology 36(3–4): 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00057-X
Xu WJ, Hu RL (2009) Conception, classification and significations of soil-rock mixture. Hydrogeol Eng Geol 36(04): 50–56. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-3665.2009.04.012
Xu WJ, Xu Q (2012) Study of quantitative description methods of Geomaterial Meso-Structure-Taking soil rock mixture for example. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 31(03): 499–506. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-6915.2012.03.008
Xue YD, Liu ZQ, Wu J (2014) Direct shear tests and PFC2D numerical simulation of colluvial mixture. Rock Soil Mech 35(S2): 587–592. (In Chinese)
Zhang H, Liu S, Yang N, et al. (2006) Geomorphic characteristics of the Minjiang drainage basin (eastern Tibetan Plateau) and its tectonic implications: New insights from a digital elevation model study. Isl Arc 15(2): 239–250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.2006.00524.x
Zingg T (1935) Beitrag zur Schotteranalyse. Schweizer Miner. Petrog Mitt 15: 39–140. https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-000103455
Acknowledgements
This study has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41672295), Science and Technology Project of Department of Transportation of Sichuan Province (Grant No. 2015B1-1), Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project (Grant No. 2017JY0264), and Scientific and Technological Research and Development Plan of China Railway Corporation (Grant No. P2018G047). At the same time, we would like to thank YAN Dada for her invaluable advice, assistance and support during field experiments and data acquisition.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wan, Yh., Zhao, Xy., Ling, Sx. et al. Directional arrangement of phyllite fragments in phyllite talus slope at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. J. Mt. Sci. 18, 3069–3081 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-020-6605-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-020-6605-2