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Differentiated payments for environmental services schemes: Amethodology proposal

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Abstract

Payment schemes for environmental services face serious budget constraints in Mexico. Payments are equally distributed among forest owners, and the governmental agencies that make payments to beneficiaries do not evaluate the amount of environmental services produced by forested areas. This lack of evaluation could lead to economic and environmental deficiencies that restrict the possible benefits of such programmes. In general, these programmes do not achieve their conservation objectives, and local beneficiaries are not involved in the design or application of these programmes. Similarly, the Payments for Hydrological Environmental Services (PHES) programme of the State of Mexico, Mexico, makes equal payments to beneficiaries of forested areas considering tree density. The objective of the present work was to create a methodology for determining differentiated payments schemes for hydrological environmental services, prioritising areas that contribute the most to groundwater recharge and promote the participation of society. In the Nevado de Toluca Natural Protected Area, the environmental criteria of forest type, tree density and aquifer overexploitation as well as social participation were considered in a multi-criteria analysis implemented in a Geographic Information System. A methodology was developed to determine differentiated payments based on specific forest characteristics that influence the potential capacity of forests to recharge groundwater reserves in addition to the level of social participation. In particular, social participation is key as it could ensure the viability of PHES programmes as conservation alternatives in forested areas with high groundwater recharge potential.

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Acknowledgements

To the Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT) for the financial grants for: (i) the postgraduate degree “Doctorado en Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales” of Mr. Aguilar Gómez, and (ii) the research project “Parque Nacional Nevado de Toluca: un laboratorio socio-ambiental en la innovación de políticas para la gestión de parques nacionales”, on the framework of bilateral agreements Mexico-France. To national and international experts from academia and government institutions for their contribution in the multi-criteria analysis. To the Forest Protection Agency of the State of Mexico (Protectora de Bosques del Estado de México- PROBOSQUE) for its vital support for developing the doctorate research. To anonymous reviewers for their invaluable comments.

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  1. Agrolivestock Sciences and Rural Institute, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas, 50090, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico

    Carlos R. Aguilar-Gómez, Sergio Franco-Maass & Tizbe T. Arteaga-Reyes

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Aguilar-Gómez, C.R., Franco-Maass, S. & Arteaga-Reyes, T.T. Differentiated payments for environmental services schemes: Amethodology proposal. J. Mt. Sci. 15, 1693–1710 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-017-4800-6

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