Abstract
A number of mountain tunnels suffered significant damage to various extent during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Damage ranging from small to heavy cracking was observed both at the portal and inside the tunnels, while some sections close to the faults completely collapsed. A summary of qualitative data collected from reports and papers is presented regarding the behavior of the 55 mountain tunnels near the epicenter during the earthquake. Based on the seismic investigation and data collection of mountain tunnels, the tunnel damage is classified into six most common damage models involving cracking, spalling, shear failure, dislocation, pavement uplift and collapse. Detailed study and discussion are then carried out on the damage models. In order to examine the influencing factors of the damage magnitude of the mountain tunnels, the correlations between epicentral distance, earthquake intensity, overburden depth, geological condition and damage levels are analyzed. The relationships between earthquake parameters and different damage models are developed and discussed. Also, suggestions are provided to improve the seismic resistance of mountain tunnels.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Asakura T, Sato Y (1996) Damage to Mountain Tunnels in Hazard Area. Soils Foundations, Special Issue 301–310.
Asakura T, Tsukanda K, Matsunaga T, et al. (2000) Damage to mountain tunnels by earthquake and its mechanism. Proc. JSCE (Japan Society of Civil Engineers) 659: 27–38.
Chen GH, Li HQ, Zhong Y, et al. (2008) Investigation and analysis on damage of state road 213 Dujiang Dam to Wenchuan. Southwest Road 4): 114–119. (In Chinese)
Chen ZY, Shi C, Li TB, et al. (2011) Damage characteristics and influencing factors of mountain tunnels under strong earthquakes. Natural Hazards 61(2): 387–401. DOI: 10.1007/s11069-011-9924-3.
Chen ZY, Wei JS (2013) Correlation between ground motion parameters and lining damage indices for mountain tunnels. Natural Hazards 65(3): 1683–1702. DOI: 10.1007/s11069-012-0437-5
Cui GY, Wang MN, Lin GJ, et al. (2011) Statistics and analyses for the damaged tunnels in the area affected by the Wenchuan earthquake. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control 22(1): 122–127. (In Chinese)
Cui GY, Wang MN, Yu L, et al. (2013) Study on the characteristics and mechanism of seismic damage for tunnel structures on fault rupture zone in Wenchuan seismic disastrous area. China Civil Engineering Journal 46(11): 122–127.
Dowding CH, Rozen A (1978) Damage to Rock Tunnels from Earthquake Shaking. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division ASCE104GT 2: 175–191.
Gao B, Wang ZZ, Yuan S, et al. (2009) Lessons learnt from damage of highway tunnels in Wenchuan earthquake. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 44(3): 336–343. (In Chinese)
He W, Wu ZS, Kojima Y (2009) Failure mechanism of deformed concrete tunnels subject to diagonally concentrated loads. Computer-aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering 24: 416–431. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8667.2009.00600.x
Huang Y, Chen W and Liu JY (2012) Secondary geological hazard analysis in Beichuan after the Wenchuan earthquake and recommendations for reconstruction. Environmental Earth Sciences 66(4): 1001–1009. DOI: 10.1007/s12665-010-0612-5
International Tunneling Association Working Group on Maintenance and Repair of Underground Structures (1991) Report on the damaging effects of water on tunnels during their working life. Tunnnelling and Underground Space Technology 6(1): 11–76.
Wen XZ, Zhang PZ, Du F, et al. (2009) The background of historical and modern seismic activities of the occurrence of the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan, Sichuan Earthquake. Chinese Journal of Geophysics 52(2): 444–454. (In Chinese)
Li TB (2008) Failure characteristics and influence factor analysis of mountain tunnels at epicenter zones of great Wenchuan earthquake. Journal of Engineering Geology 16(6): 742–750. (In Chinese)
Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China (MOT) (2009) The album of the road damage caused by the Wenchuan earthquake. China Communication Press, Beijing, China: 51–77. (In Chinese)
Sharma S, Judd WR (1991) Underground opening damage from earthquakes. Engineering Geology 30: 263–276.
Shen YS, Gao B, Yang XM, et al. (2014) Seismic damage mechanism and dynamic deformation characteristic analysis of mountain tunnel after Wenchuan earthquake. Engineering Geology 180: 85–98. DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.07.017
Sun CM, Wang L, Xie W, et al. (2010) The Full Record of the Wenchuan Earthquake. Sichuan Publishing Group, Chengdu, China: 521. (In Chinese)
Tang YJ (2008) The Damage Investigation and the Traffic Rehabilitation of the Road Affected by the Wenchuan Strong Earthquake. China Communications Press, Beijing, China: 37. (In Chinese)
Wang MN, Lin GJ, Yu L, et al. (2012) Tunnel Seismic and Shock Absorption. Science Press, Beijing, China: 15–27. (In Chinese)
Wang Q (2011) Seismic Response Analysis of Crossing-fault Tunnel. Dissertation, Institute of Engineering Mechanism, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin, China. (In Chinese)
Wang WL, Wang TT, Su JJ, et al. (2001) Assessment of Damage in Mountain Tunnels due to the Taiwan Chi-Chi Earthquake. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology 16(3): 133–150. DOI: 10.1016/S0886-7798(01)00047-5
Wang ZZ (2009) Nonlinear seismic damage response of tunnel structure across fault. Dissertation, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China. (In Chinese)
Wang ZZ, Zhang Z (2013) Seismic damage classification and risk assessment of mountain tunnels with a validation for the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 45: 45–55. DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2012.11.002
Wang ZZ, Zhang Z, Gao B, et al. (2012) Factors of seismic damage and fuzzy synthetic evaluation on seismic risk of mountain tunnel portals. Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology) 43(3): 1122–1130. (In Chinese)
Xu XW, Wen XZ, Ye JQ, et al. (2008) The Ms 8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure. Seismology and Geology 30(3): 597–629. (In Chinese)
Xu ZQ, Ji SC, Li HB, et al. (2008) Uplift of the Longmen Shan range and the Wenchuan earthquake. Episodes 31(3): 291–301.
Yu HT, Chen JT, Bobet A, et al. (2016) Damage observation and assessment of the Longxi tunnel during the Wenchuan earthquake. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 54: 102–116. DOI: 10.1016/j.tust.2016.02.008
Yu HT, Yuan Y, Liu X, et al. (2013) Damages of the Shaohuoping road tunnel near the epicenter. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering 9(9): 935–951. DOI: 10.1080/15732479.2011. 647038
Yu HT, Yuan Y, Bobet A. (2013) Multiscale method for long tunnels subjected to seismic loading. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 37: 374–398. DOI: 10.1002/nag.1102
Yu YY (2013) Seismic Damage Mechanism of Secondary Lining of Mountain Tunnel. Dissertation, Institute of Engineering Mechanism, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin, China. (In Chinese)
Zhang QW (2012) Study on the Seismic Damage Mechanism of Tunnels through Fault and the Anti-seismic Damping Measures. Dissertation, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China. (In Chinese)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0155-1675
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0547-5542
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1542-3028
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8542-0447
Electronic supplementary material
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yu, Ht., Chen, Jt., Yuan, Y. et al. Seismic damage of mountain tunnels during the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake. J. Mt. Sci. 13, 1958–1972 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-016-3878-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-016-3878-6