Common entry points and trade-offs for inclusive governance: balancing actor traits and policy in decision-making on forest restoration strategies

Table 7 In variable marginal effects (dy/dx), the choice of restoration option is affected. All units are re-scaled into a range of 0–1

Variables	Variable description	ANR	Active	Agroforestry
Actor sub-category
Executives(ref)	Secondary actors with executive power	0	0	0
Users	Primary local users	– 0.278***	0.136***	0.142^***
Civil society	Secondary actors with knowledge, resource power	0.021	– 0.023	0.002
Variable dimensions
Bio_normative	Preference for nature, biospheric and actor norms	0.243^***	– 0.355^***	0.111^*
Ego_carbon	Preference for carbon, economic and egoism orientation and less for biodiversity and water provision	0.079	0.124	– 0.203^***
NTFP orient “Soil_averse”	Preference for NTFPs instead of soil vitalization	– 0.134	– 0.0726	0.207^**
Eco_timber	Preference for timber and economic beliefs instead of cultural values	– 0.576^***	0.460^***	0.116^*
Food_orient	Preference for food production and less for micro-climate regulation	– 0.154^*	– 0.162^*	0.316^***
Policy environment
Policy Coherence	Coherence among forest and land policies	0.044^***	– 0.075^***	0.030***
Policy Clarity	Policy clarity and implementation on tenure and restoration	– 0.059^***	0.062^***	-0.0027
By-laws	Effectiveness and recognition of customary laws	0.008	0.008	-0.016⁺
Policy Inclusiveness	Policy favorers inclusiveness	– 0.024^*	– 0.043^***	0.068^***
N	Number of observations, including pairwise comparisons	4092

t statistics p value thresholds: ⁺ p < 0.1, ^* p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.01, ^*** p < 0.001. Note: Furthermore, positive marginal values in eco-timber indicate negative cultural values, and vice versa. A positive ego-carbon value indicates negative preferences for biodiversity and water regulation, and vice versa. A positive food-orient value indicates a negative micro-climate service and vice versa. Positive NTFP-orient value indicates a negative need for preference of soil vitality, and vice versa. Note: We acknowledge the potential endogeneity of the explanatory variables; accordingly, the reported estimates should be interpreted as associations rather than causal effects