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Does building development in Dhaka comply with land use zoning? An analysis using nighttime light and digital building heights

Sustainability Science volume 16, pages 1323–1340 (2021)Cite this article

Abstract

Zoning is an important tool to regulate the use of land and to characterize built form over land, and thus to facilitate urban sustainability. Availability of reliable data is crucial for monitoring land use zoning, which contributes directly to the success of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in general, and SDG Goal 11 for sustainable cities and communities in particular. However, obtaining this valuable information using traditional survey methods is both costly and time-consuming. Remote sensing technology overcomes these challenges and supports urban policymaking and planning processes. This study unveils a novel approach to developing a cost-effective method for identifying building types using Sentinel-2A, Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)–based nighttime light (NTL) data, and TanDEM-X–based Digital Surface Model (DSM) data. A newly developed index for this study, the Normalized Difference Steel Structure Index (NDSSI), is useful for rapidly mapping industrial buildings with steel structures. The implementation status of Dhaka’s existing land use plan was evaluated by analyzing the spatial distribution of different types of building uses. This study classifies residential, commercial, and industrial buildings within Dhaka using building height, and nighttime light emission. The experimental results reveal that about 67% of commercial and 51% of industrial buildings within the Dhaka Metropolitan Area (DMA) do not comply with the land use zoning by the Detailed Area Plan (DAP). It also reveals that approximately 10% of commercial buildings, 9% of industrial buildings, and 6% of residential buildings have encroached upon conservation zones (such as open space, flood-prone zones, water bodies, and proposed areas for future road extension). A major constraint in the study was the low spatial resolution of the nighttime light dataset, which made it difficult to distinguish individual sources of light. Still, the methodological approaches proposed in this study are expected to promote reduced costs and efficacious decision-making in urban transformation and to help achieve SDG 11, especially in developing countries.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Hokkaido University and Japan Student Services Organization (JASSO) for supporting us in completing this research. This research was partially funded by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (S-15 “Predicting and Assessing Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services” (PANCES) JPMEERF16S11510, Ministry of the Environment, Japan and the Scottish Funding Council (SFC) Global Challenge Research Fund for 2019-21 (Project Number 308286) and Kurata Hitachi grant. We are also thankful to the German Aerospace Center (DLR), NOAA, and Copernicus, providing valuable databases. The authors also acknowledge the support of the Capital City Development Authority (RAJUK), Dhaka, Bangladesh for providing necessary data and information.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan

    Md. Mustafizur Rahman & Ram Avtar

  2. Capital City Development Authority (RAJUK), Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Md. Mustafizur Rahman

  3. Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan

    Ram Avtar

  4. Urban Studies, School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

    Sohail Ahmad

  5. Institute of Geography, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany

    Luis Inostroza

  6. Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile

    Luis Inostroza

  7. Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan

    Prakhar Misra

  8. Natural Resources and Ecosystem Services, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Hayama, 240-0115, Japan

    Pankaj Kumar & Osamu Saito

  9. Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan

    Wataru Takeuchi

  10. Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia

    Akhilesh Surjan

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Appendix

Appendix

See Appendix Tables 6, 7.

Table 6 Building Development Permission and Land use Zoning According to DAP (2010–2015) for DMA
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Table 7 Percentage of identified buildings area in development permitted but not in compatible zone
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Rahman, M.M., Avtar, R., Ahmad, S. et al. Does building development in Dhaka comply with land use zoning? An analysis using nighttime light and digital building heights. Sustain Sci 16, 1323–1340 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-021-00923-0

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