Abstract
This paper deals with sustainability in cities and the role technology plays in furthering sustainable results. Recently, many interventions have been implemented in cities to propose paths and models promoting the sustainability of cities from an overall perspective. Technologies are favouring the achievement of aims recalling the three spheres of sustainability as proposed by Arcadis (2017), namely “planet”, “profit”, and “people”. The ties between technology and the three spheres are investigated through a content analysis of reports issued by the 10 cities with the most significant advances in terms of becoming sustainable cities, as indicated in the Arcadis Report 2016. The results highlight technology as an element crossing sustainability, as processes and models in cities management and service provisions to citizens are significantly changing. New tools are innovating the processes addressing environmental issues, thus leading to cost efficiency and better economic conditions. Parallel to this, new models for city management and the provision of public services are addressing the need for a better quality of life for citizens and cities’ other stakeholders. Technology itself is thought of as sustainable because it should lead to efficiency and being efficient itself. A qualitative cluster analysis and a focus on excerpts from reports are proposed to highlight the ties between technologies and the elements representing key issues in managing and leading a city towards more sustainable conditions.

Authors’ elaboration through NVivo
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.References
Angelidou M, Psaltoglou A (2017) An empirical investigation of social innovation initiatives for sustainable urban development. Sustain Cities Soc 33:113–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.05.016
Anthopoulos LG, Vakali A (2012) Urban planning and smart cities: Interrelations and reciprocities. In: Álvarez F et al (eds) The future internet assembly. Springer, Berlin, pp 178–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30241-1_416
Arcadis (2017) Sustainable cities index 2016. https://www.arcadis.com/en/global/our-perspectives/sustainable-cities-index-2016/. Accessed 24 July 2017
Atkinson G, Dietz S, Neumayer E, Agarwala M (2014) Handbook of sustainable development. Edward Elgar Publishing, Chelthenham
Barile S, Saviano M, Polese F, Di Nauta P (2012) Reflections on service systems boundaries: a viable systems perspective: the case of the London Borough of Sutton. Eur Manag J 30(5):451–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2012.05.004
Barile S, Saviano M, Simone C (2015) Service economy, knowledge, and the need for T-shaped innovators. World Wide Web 18(4):1177–1197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11280-014-0305-1
Barroso JM (2013) No city is an island, Covenant of Mayors ceremony, Brussels, 24 June 2013. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-13-566_en.htm
Bifulco F, Tregua M, Amitrano CC, D’Auria A (2016) ICT and sustainability in smart cities management. Int J Public Sect Manag 29(2):132–147. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-07-2015-0132
Bingham LB, Nabatchi T, O’Leary R (2005) The new governance: Practices and processes for stakeholder and citizen participation in the work of government. Public admin rev 65(5):547–558. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2005.00482.x
Brundtland GH (1987) Report of the World Commission on environment and development: “our common future”. United Nations
Bulu M (2014) Upgrading a city via technology. Technol Forecast Soc 89:63–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2013.12.009
Camagni R, Capello R, Nijkamp P (1998) Towards sustainable city policy: an economy-environment technology nexus. Ecol econ 24(1):103–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(97)00032-3
Caragliu A, Del Bo C, Nijkamp P (2011) Smart cities in Europe. J Urban Technol 18(2):65–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2011.601117
Chapman M, La Valle A, Furey G, Chan KM (2017) Sustainability beyond city limits: can greener beef lighten a city’s Ecological Footprint? Sustain Sci 12(4):597–610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-017-0423-7
Chourabi H, Nam T, Walker S, Gil-Garcia JR, Mellouli S, Nahon K, Scholl HJ (2012) Understanding smart cities: an integrative framework. In: 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Science (HICSS), IEEE, pp 2289–2297
Egger S (2006) Determining a sustainable city model. Environ Modell Softw 21(9):1235–1246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2005.04.012
Enquist B, Edvardsson B, Petros Sebhatu S (2007) Values-based service quality for sustainable business. Manag Serv Qual 17(4):385–403. https://doi.org/10.1108/09604520710
European Commission (2017) World Cities 2014–2016: final report. http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/information/publications/reports/2017/world-cities-2014-2016-final-report
Fan P, Qi J (2010) Assessing the sustainability of major cities in China. Sustain Sci 5(1):51–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-009-0096-y
Grunewald P, Gerrard DM, Bateman N (2017) Open innovation in Health and Social Care: ICT supported co-creation of quality improvements. Loughborough, Loughborough University
Guzmán PC, Roders AP, Colenbrander BJF (2017) Measuring links between cultural heritage management and sustainable urban development: An overview of global monitoring tools. Cities 60(A):192–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.09.005
Hák T, Janoušková S, Moldan B (2016) Sustainable Development Goals: A need for relevant indicators. Ecol Indic 60:565–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.003
Harrison C, Donnelly IA (2011) A theory of smart cities. In: Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the ISSS-2011 55:1 Hull UK
Houghton C, Murphy K, Shaw D, Casey D (2015) Qualitative case study data analysis: an example from practice. Nurse Res 22(5):8–12. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr.22.5.8.e1307
Ishida T, Isbister K (2000) Digital cities: technologies, experiences, and future perspectives. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin
Jacobs MA, Cobb CO, Abroms L, Graham AL (2014) Facebook apps for smoking cessation: a review of content and adherence to evidence-based guidelines. J Med Internet Res 16(9):e205. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.3491
Jenks M (2017) The sustainable city. A good and secure quality of life? In: Bay JHP, Lehmann S (eds) Growing Compact: urban form, density and sustainability. Routledge, Abingdon, pp 113–128
Kirwan CG (2015) Defining the middle ground: a comprehensive approach to the planning, design and implementation of smart city operating systems. In: International Conference on Cross-Cultural Design, Springer, Cham, pp. 316–327
Komninos N (2013) What makes cities intelligent. In: Deakin M (ed) Smart cities: governing, modelling and analysing the transition. Routledge, Abingdon, pp 77–95
Krippendorff K (2012) Content analysis: an introduction to its methodology. Sage, Thousand Oaks
Leech NL, Onwuegbuzie AJ (2011) Beyond constant comparison qualitative data analysis: using NVivo. School Psychol Quart 26(1):70–84. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022711
Liao S, Chen X, Qian Y, Shen L (2017) Comparative Analysis of the Indicator System for Guiding Smart City Development. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Advancement of Construction Management and Real Estate, Springer, Singapore, pp 575–594
Lombardi P, Giordano S, Farouh H, Yousef W (2012) Modelling the smart city performance. Innov Eur J Soc Sci Res 25(2):137–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2012.660325
Nam T, Pardo TA (2011) Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions. In: Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference: Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times, ACM, pp 282–291
Newman P, Kenworthy J (1999) Sustainability and cities: overcoming automobile dependence. Island Press, Washington
Pickett STA, Boone CG, McGrath BP, Cadenasso ML, Childers DL, Ogden LA, McHale M, Grove JM (2013) Ecological science and transformation to the sustainable city. Cities 32:S10–S20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.02.008
Redclift M (2005) Sustainable development (1987–2005): an oxymoron comes of age. Sustain dev 13(4):212–227. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.281
Robert KW, Parris TM, Leiserowitz AA (2005) What is sustainable development? Goals, indicators, values, and practice. Environ Sci Policy Sustain Dev 47(3):8–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00139157.2005.10524444
Rogers R (1998) Cities for a small planet. Basic Books, New York
Rogers M, Ryan R (2001) The triple bottom line for sustainable community development. Local Environ 6(3):279–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549830120073275
Satterthwaite D (1997) Sustainable cities or cities that contribute to sustainable development? Urban stud 34(10):1667–1691. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098975394
Schaffers H, Komninos N, Pallot M, Trousse B, Nilsson M, Oliveira A (2011) Smart cities and the future internet: towards cooperation frameworks for open innovation. In: Domingue et al (eds) Future internet assembly, pp 431–446
Stemler SE (2015) Content analysis. Emerging trends in the social and behavioral sciences: an interdisciplinary, searchable, and linkable resource. Wiley, New Jersey
Surjan AK, Shaw R (2008) ‘Eco-city’ to ‘disaster-resilient eco-community’: a concerted approach in the coastal city of Puri, India. Sustain Sci 3(2):249–265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-008-0051-3
Tregua M, D’Auria A, Bifulco F (2014) Digital City towards Smart City: a theoretical overview. In: Proceedings 2nd International Virtual Scientific Conference (SCIECONF)
Tregua M, D’Auria A, Bifulco F (2015) Comparing research streams on smart city and sustainable city. China USA Bus Rev 14(4):203–215. https://doi.org/10.17265/1537-1514/2015.04.004
UN (2015) Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/development-agenda/
Vanolo A (2014) Smartmentality: the smart city as disciplinary strategy. Urban Stud 51(5):883–898. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098013494427
Werner P, Kelcey JG (2017) Urban green and biodiversity. In: Tan PY, Jim CY (eds) Greening cities. Springer, Singapore, pp 131–154
Zubizarreta I, Seravalli A, Arrizabalaga S (2015) Smart city concept: What it is and what it should be. J Urban Plan Dev 142(1):04015005-1-8. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.000028
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Handled by Marialuisa Saviano, University of Salerno, Italy.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bifulco, F., D’Auria, A., Amitrano, C.C. et al. Crossing technology and sustainability in cities’ development. Sustain Sci 13, 1287–1297 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0548-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0548-3
