Skip to main content
Log in

Physiologie de la défécation

Physiology of defaecation

  • Mise Au Point / Update
  • Published:
Pelvi-périnéologie

Résumé

La physiologie anorectale fait intervenir trois organes: deux organes réservoir (le côlon et le rectum) et un organe résistif (le canal anal entouré de l’appareil sphinctérien lisse et strié). L’arrivée des matières dans l’ampoule rectale va être à l’origine de deux phénomènes: 1) la perception de plénitude rectale; 2) le réflexe d’échantillonnage. À partir de là, et en fonction des conditions environnementales, le sujet sera capable de différer ou de satisfaire son besoin exonérateur. Lors de la défécation, la force d’expulsion du bol fécal est engendrée, d’une part, par la contraction de l’ampoule rectale associée à une fermeture de la charnière rectosigmoïdienne et, d’autre part, par un phénomène propulsif assuré par une augmentation de la pression intra-abdominale associée à une activité contractile du rectum. De façon concomitante, les sphincters anaux interne et externe se relâchent assurant ainsi une parfaite synergie rectosphinctérienne.

Abstract

Anorectal physiology involves three organs. Two of these are reservoirs: the colon and the rectum. The third is an organ of resistance: the anal canal surrounded by the smooth and striated muscle of the sphincteric apparatus. The arrival of material in the rectal ampulla initiates two phenomena: the recognition of rectal filling and the sampling reflex. From then on, and depending on environmental conditions, the subject will be able to satisfy or defer the need to empty his rectum. During defaecation, the force of expulsion of the faecal mass is generated both by contraction of the rectal ampulla combined with closure of the rectosigmoid junction and by propulsion resulting from contractile activity of the rectum and an increase in intra-abdominal pressure. At the same time, the internal and external anal sphincters relax, thus ensuring perfect recto-sphincteric coordination.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Références

  1. Bharucha AE, Blandon RE (2007) Anatomy and physiology of continence. In: Ratto C, Doglietto GB (eds) Fecal incontinence diagnosis and treatment, pp 3–12

  2. Gonella J, Bouvier M, Blanquet F (1987) Extrinsic nervous control of motility of small and large intestines and related sphincters. Physiol Rev 67(3):902–61

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Mion F (2005) Physiologie de la continence anale et de la défécation. In: Bourcier AP, McGuire EJ, Abrams P (eds) Dysfonctionnement du plancher pelvien. Tome 1: physiopatholgie et investigations. Elsevier, France, pp 37–42

    Google Scholar 

  4. Rao SS (2004) Pathophysiology of adult fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology 126:S14–S22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Whitehead WE, Wald A, Diamant NE, et al (1999) Functional disorders of the anus and rectum. Gut 45(Suppl 2):II55–II9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Sarna KS, Shi X (2006) Function and regulation of colonic contractions in health and desease. In: Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, 4th Edition, vol 1. Elsevier, pp 965–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Bannister JJ, Gibbons C, Read NW (1987) Preservation of faecal continence during rises in intra-abdominal pressure: is there a role for the flap valve? Gut 28:1242–5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bittorf B, Ringler R, Forster C, et al (2006) Cerebral representation of the anorectum using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Surg 93(10):1251–7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Collet L, Meunier P, Duclaux R, et al (1988) Cerebral evoked potentials after endorectal mechanical stimulation in humans. Am J Physiol 254:G477–G82

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Martelli H, Devroede G, Arhan P, et al (1978) Some parameters of large bowel motility in normal man. Gastroenterology 75:612–8

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Miller R, Bartolo DC, Cervero F, Mortensen NJ (1988) Anorectal sampling: a comparison of normal and incontinent patients. Br J Surg 75:44–7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Lestar B, Penninckx F, Kerremans R (1989) The composition of anal basal pressure. An in vivo and in vitro study in man. Int J Colorectal Dis 4:118–22

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Wankling WJ, Brown BH, Collins CD, Duthie HL (1968) Basal electrical activity in the anal canal in man. Gut 9:457–60

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Frenckner B, Ihre T (1976) Influence of autonomic nerves on the internal and sphincter in man. Gut 17:306–12

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Gibbons CP, Trowbridge EA, Bannister JJ, Read NW (1986) Role of anal cushions in maintaining continence. Lancet 1:886–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. McDonagh R, Sun WM, Thomas DG, et al (1992) Anorectal function in patients with complete supraconal spinal cord lesions. Gut 33:1532–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Dubrovsky B (1988) Effects of rectal distension on the sphincter ani externus and levator ani muscles in cats. Am J Physiol 254:G100–G6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Andrew J, Nathan PW (1964) Lesions on the anterior frontal lobes and disturbances of micturition and defaecation. Brain 87:233–62

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Weber J, Delangre T, Hannequin D, et al (1990) Anorectal manometric anomalies in seven patients with frontal lobe brain damage. Dig Dis Sci 35:225–30

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Elam M, Thoren P, Svensson TH (1986) Locus coeruleus neurons and sympathetic nerves: activation by visceral afferents. Brain Res 375:117–25

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Vodusek DB, Enck P (2006). Neural control of pelvic floor muscles. In: Johnson LR (ed) Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, fourth edition volume 1, Elsevier, pp 995–1008

  22. Gonella, Bouvier, Blanquet F (1987) Extrinsic nervous control of motility of small and large intestines and related sphincters. Physiol Rev 67:902–61

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Bittorf B, Ringler R, Forster C, et al (2006) Cerebral representation of the anorectum using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Surg 93:1251–7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Schroder HD (1981) Onuf’s nucleus X: a morphological study of a human spinal nucleus. Anat Embryol (Berl) 162:443–53

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Burleigh DE, D’Mello A (1983) Neural and pharmacologic factors affecting motility of the internal anal sphincter. Gastroenterology 84:409–17

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A.-M. Leroi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gallas, S., Leroi, AM. Physiologie de la défécation. Pelv Perineol 5, 166–170 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11608-010-0337-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11608-010-0337-7

Mots clés

Keywords

Navigation