INTRODUCTION
In 2017, an estimated 3,033,000 individuals in the United States (US) initiated cannabis, 1,037,000 initiated cocaine, 794,000 initiated LSD, and 787,000 initiated ecstasy/MDMA/Molly.1 Few studies, however, have investigated season as a risk factor for initiation of these drugs, which are among the most commonly used in a “recreational” manner (e.g., in party settings). Prevalence of initiation of alcohol, tobacco products, and cannabis is estimated to be highest in summer months among adolescents and college students, but studies have not documented clear peaks in initiation of other drugs such as cocaine and hallucinogens in specific seasons,2, 3 or examined initiation across the broader age ranges in the general population.
Using a drug for the first time can place individuals at unique risk as new initiates may be unfamiliar with drug effects. Drug intoxication leading to emergency department (ED) visits has peaked over the summer in Europe,4 but it is unknown to what extent increased risk of drug-related harm in the summer is due to new users rather than those with established drug use patterns. Better understanding of seasonal variation in initiation in the full population would better inform prevention and response to potential adverse drug outcomes. Our study objective was to assess whether summer months are a risk factor for drug initiation in the US.
METHODS
Data were analyzed from individuals (ages ≥ 12) surveyed in the 2011–2017 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (N = 394,415),1 annual cross-sectional surveys of non-institutionalized individuals in the US. Response rates ranged from 67.1 to 74.4%. Respondents reporting use of cannabis, ecstasy/MDMA/Molly, LSD, and/or cocaine were asked if they initiated use in the past two years. These “new” initiates were asked the year/month of initiation. We collapsed months of initiation into summer (June through August) versus other months and used chi-square tests to determine whether the proportion of initiates in summer was different than other seasons. We then determined whether results are homogeneous across age of first use, sex, race/ethnicity, and survey year, via Rao-Scott chi-square using SAS 9.4. The Institutional Review Board of New York University Langone Medical Center deemed this analysis exempt from review.
RESULTS
Initiation of each of the four drugs was significantly more likely to occur in summer than in other months (Fig. 1). Specifically, 30.4% (SE, 0.6) of cannabis use was initiated in summer compared with other seasons, 27.5% (SE, 1.1) of cocaine use was initiated in summer compared with other seasons, 34.0% (SE, 1.5) of LSD use was initiated in summer compared with other seasons, and 29.8% (SE, 1.2) of ecstasy use was initiated in summer compared with other seasons.
Differences in season of initiation were stable across demographic characteristics and survey year, with some exceptions (Table 1). With regard to cocaine initiation, black individuals (18.2% [SE, 2.9]) were less likely to initiate in summer than those of other races/ethnicities (26.8–39.3%; P < 0.01). Also, with regard to LSD initiation, in 2011 and 2012, only about a quarter (24.9–26.9%) initiated in summer compared with later years (31.4–43.0%, P < 0.01).
DISCUSSION
Over a third of LSD use and over a quarter of cannabis, cocaine, and ecstasy use is initiated during summer months in the US. These findings add to previous research which has found that ED presentations resulting from acute drug intoxication peak over summer months.4
Summer months may leave individuals more susceptible to drug initiation due to increased idle time,3 or social activities that increase exposure to drugs or willingness to use drugs. For example, outdoor dance festivals have increased in popularity in recent years, and drug use is prevalent at such parties, with clusters of poisonings and deaths related to drug use occurring at such festivals.5
Limitations should be noted. First, reported month of initiation may have been impacted by issues with recall. Second, differences in initiation between summer and other seasons were only modest.
More research is needed to determine causes for summer as a risk factor and to determine whether these factors can be modified. Given that the risk for initiation for each drug examined is fairly consistent throughout the year, with a slight increase over the summer, prevention efforts should be incessant, perhaps with an increase in vigilance (for parents and/or educators) and additional messaging during late spring.
References
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Reports and Detailed Tables From the 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). HHS Publication No SMA 18–5068, NSDUH Series H-5, Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality; 2018.
Lipari RN. Monthly Variation in Substance Use Initiation among Full-Time College Students. The CBHSQ Report, Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2013, p. 1–14.
Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. The NSDUH Report: Monthly Variation in Substance Use Initiation among Adolescents. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, , Rockville, MD; 2012.
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Hospital emergency presentations and acute drug toxicity in Europe: update from the Euro-DEN Plus research group and the EMCDDA, Publications Office of the European Union: Luxembourg; 2016.
Ridpath A, Driver CR, Nolan ML, Karpati A, Kass D, Paone D, et al. Illnesses and Deaths among Persons Attending an Electronic Dance-Music Festival - New York City, 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014: 63: 1195–1198.
Funding
Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health under Award Numbers R01DA044207 (PI: Palamar) and K01DA038800 (PI: Palamar).
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The Institutional Review Board of New York University Langone Medical Center deemed this analysis exempt from review.
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Palamar, J.J., Rutherford, C. & Keyes, K.M. Summer as a Risk Factor for Drug Initiation. J GEN INTERN MED 35, 947–949 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-05176-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-05176-3