Abstract
Background
Malnutrition leads to accelerated tumor progression through the suppression of tumor immunity. The present study examined the significance of the preoperative prognostic nutritional index (PNI) for predicting postoperative survival outcomes in gastric cancer (GC).
Methods
A total of 447 patients who underwent curative gastrectomy for GC were included in the present study. PNI was calculated as 10 × serum albumin (g/dl) + 0.005 × total lymphocyte counts (per mm3). The prognostic impact of preoperative PNI was examined using two multivariate analysis models.
Results
The optimal cutoff value of preoperative PNI for predicting overall survival (OS) was 48 based on a receiver operating characteristic curve. The 5-year OS rate was 59.5% in the PNI<48 group and 91.3% in the PNI≥48 group (p<0.001). In the first multivariate survival analysis where all explanatory variables were composed of preoperative factors alone, a PNI<48 (hazard ratio [HR] 3.33; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.01–5.56, p<0.001), upper-third GC and cT2–T4 were identified as independent indicators of a poor OS. In the second survival analysis where explanatory variables were composed of preoperative, intraoperative, and pathological factors, a PNI<48 (HR 2.80; 95% CI 1.65–4.78, p<0.001), hypertension, open gastrectomy, intraoperative blood loss≥100g, pT2–T4, and pN+ were independent prognostic factors.
Conclusion
Preoperative PNI may be a useful predictor of postoperative survival outcomes both before and immediately after surgery in GC. Appropriate perioperative interventions and the meticulous surveillance of GC relapse are necessary for patients with PNI<48.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2021.
Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 2011; 144(5):646-674.
Mainous MR, Deitch EA. Nutrition and infection. Surg Clin North Am 1994; 74(3):659-676.
Onodera T, Goseki N, Kosaki G. [Prognostic nutritional index in gastrointestinal surgery of malnourished cancer patients]. Nihon Geka Gakkai Zasshi 1984; 85(9):1001-1005.
Jiang N, Deng JY, Ding XW, Ke B, Liu N, Zhang RP, Liang H. Prognostic nutritional index predicts postoperative complications and long-term outcomes of gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20(30):10537-10544.
Kanda M, Mizuno A, Tanaka C, Kobayashi D, Fujiwara M, Iwata N, Hayashi M, Yamada S, Nakayama G, Fujii T, Sugimoto H, Koike M, Takami H, Niwa Y, Murotani K, Kodera Y. Nutritional predictors for postoperative short-term and long-term outcomes of patients with gastric cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95(24):e3781.
Migita K, Takayama T, Saeki K, Matsumoto S, Wakatsuki K, Enomoto K, Tanaka T, Ito M, Kurumatani N, Nakajima Y. The prognostic nutritional index predicts long-term outcomes of gastric cancer patients independent of tumor stage. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20(8):2647-2654.
Sakurai K, Ohira M, Tamura T, Toyokawa T, Amano R, Kubo N, Tanaka H, Muguruma K, Yashiro M, Maeda K, Hirakawa K. Predictive Potential of Preoperative Nutritional Status in Long-Term Outcome Projections for Patients with Gastric Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2016; 23(2):525-533.
. Japanese classification of gastric carcinoma: 3rd English edition. Gastric Cancer 2011; 14(2):101-112.
. Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2018 (5th edition). Gastric Cancer 2021; 24(1):1-21.
Clavien PA, Barkun J, de Oliveira ML, Vauthey JN, Dindo D, Schulick RD, de Santibanes E, Pekolj J, Slankamenac K, Bassi C, Graf R, Vonlanthen R, Padbury R, Cameron JL, Makuuchi M. The Clavien-Dindo classification of surgical complications: five-year experience. Ann Surg 2009; 250(2):187-196.
Fluss R, Faraggi D, Reiser B. Estimation of the Youden Index and its associated cutoff point. Biom J 2005; 47(4):458-472.
Perkins NJ, Schisterman EF. The inconsistency of "optimal" cutpoints obtained using two criteria based on the receiver operating characteristic curve. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 163(7):670-675.
Bang YJ, Kim YW, Yang HK, Chung HC, Park YK, Lee KH, Lee KW, Kim YH, Noh SI, Cho JY, Mok YJ, Ji J, Yeh TS, Button P, Sirzen F, Noh SH. Adjuvant capecitabine and oxaliplatin for gastric cancer after D2 gastrectomy (CLASSIC): a phase 3 open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012; 379(9813):315-321.
Sakuramoto S, Sasako M, Yamaguchi T, Kinoshita T, Fujii M, Nashimoto A, Furukawa H, Nakajima T, Ohashi Y, Imamura H, Higashino M, Yamamura Y, Kurita A, Arai K. Adjuvant chemotherapy for gastric cancer with S-1, an oral fluoropyrimidine. N Engl J Med 2007; 357(18):1810-1820.
Al-Batran SE, Homann N, Pauligk C, Goetze TO, Meiler J, Kasper S, Kopp HG, Mayer F, Haag GM, Luley K, Lindig U, Schmiegel W, Pohl M, Stoehlmacher J, Folprecht G, Probst S, Prasnikar N, Fischbach W, Mahlberg R, Trojan J, Koenigsmann M, Martens UM, Thuss-Patience P, Egger M, Block A, Heinemann V, Illerhaus G, Moehler M, Schenk M, Kullmann F, Behringer DM, Heike M, Pink D, Teschendorf C, Lohr C, Bernhard H, Schuch G, Rethwisch V, von Weikersthal LF, Hartmann JT, Kneba M, Daum S, Schulmann K, Weniger J, Belle S, Gaiser T, Oduncu FS, Guntner M, Hozaeel W, Reichart A, Jager E, Kraus T, Monig S, Bechstein WO, Schuler M, Schmalenberg H, Hofheinz RD. Perioperative chemotherapy with fluorouracil plus leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and docetaxel versus fluorouracil or capecitabine plus cisplatin and epirubicin for locally advanced, resectable gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (FLOT4): a randomised, phase 2/3 trial. Lancet 2019; 393(10184):1948-1957.
Iwasaki Y, Terashima M, Mizusawa J, Katayama H, Nakamura K, Katai H, Yoshikawa T, Ito S, Kaji M, Kimura Y, Hirao M, Yamada M, Kurita A, Takagi M, Lee SW, Takagane A, Yabusaki H, Hihara J, Boku N, Sano T, Sasako M. Gastrectomy with or without neoadjuvant S-1 plus cisplatin for type 4 or large type 3 gastric cancer (JCOG0501): an open-label, phase 3, randomized controlled trial. Gastric Cancer 2021; 24(2):492-502.
Takahari D, Ito S, Mizusawa J, Katayama H, Terashima M, Sasako M, Morita S, Nomura T, Yamada M, Fujiwara Y, Kimura Y, Ikeda A, Kadokawa Y, Sano T. Long-term outcomes of preoperative docetaxel with cisplatin plus S-1 therapy for gastric cancer with extensive nodal metastasis (JCOG1002). Gastric Cancer 2020; 23(2):293-299.
Kosuga T, Konishi T, Kubota T, Shoda K, Konishi H, Shiozaki A, Okamoto K, Fujiwara H, Kudou M, Arita T, Morimura R, Murayama Y, Kuriu Y, Ikoma H, Nakanishi M, Otsuji E. Value of Prognostic Nutritional Index as a Predictor of Lymph Node Metastasis in Gastric Cancer. Anticancer Res 2019; 39(12):6843-6849.
Kosuga T, Konishi T, Kubota T, Shoda K, Konishi H, Shiozaki A, Okamoto K, Fujiwara H, Kudou M, Arita T, Morimura R, Murayama Y, Kuriu Y, Ikoma H, Nakanishi M, Otsuji E. Clinical significance of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer. BMC Cancer 2019; 19(1):1187.
Chen XD, Mao CC, Wu RS, Zhang WT, Lin J, Sun XW, Chi CH, Lou N, Wang PF, Shen X, Zhu GB, Shen SR. Use of the combination of the preoperative platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and tumor characteristics to predict peritoneal metastasis in patients with gastric cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12(4):e0175074.
Ohi M, Mori K, Toiyama Y, Mohri Y, Okigami M, Yasuda H, Saigusa S, Tanaka K, Inoue Y, Kusunoki M. Preoperative prediction of peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer as an indicator for neoadjuvant treatment. Anticancer Res 2015; 35(6):3511-3518.
Aoyama T, Kawabe T, Fujikawa H, Hayashi T, Yamada T, Tsuchida K, Yukawa N, Oshima T, Rino Y, Masuda M, Ogata T, Cho H, Yoshikawa T. Loss of Lean Body Mass as an Independent Risk Factor for Continuation of S-1 Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Gastric Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 22(8):2560-2566.
Aoyama T, Sato T, Maezawa Y, Kano K, Hayashi T, Yamada T, Yukawa N, Oshima T, Rino Y, Masuda M, Ogata T, Cho H, Yoshikawa T. Postoperative weight loss leads to poor survival through poor S-1 efficacy in patients with stage II/III gastric cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 2017; 22(3):476-483.
Aoyama T, Yoshikawa T, Maezawa Y, Kano K, Numata M, Hara K, Komori K, Yamada T, Hayashi T, Sato T, Tamagawa H, Yukawa N, Rino Y, Masuda M, Ogata T, Cho H, Oshima T. The postoperative lean body mass loss at one month leads to a poor survival in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer. J Cancer 2019; 10(11):2450-2456.
Aoyama T, Yoshikawa T, Shirai J, Hayashi T, Yamada T, Tsuchida K, Hasegawa S, Cho H, Yukawa N, Oshima T, Rino Y, Masuda M, Tsuburaya A. Body weight loss after surgery is an independent risk factor for continuation of S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy for gastric cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20(6):2000-2006.
Imamura H, Nishikawa K, Kishi K, Inoue K, Matsuyama J, Akamaru Y, Kimura Y, Tamura S, Kawabata R, Kawada J, Fujiwara Y, Kawase T, Fukui J, Takagi M, Takeno A, Shimokawa T. Effects of an Oral Elemental Nutritional Supplement on Post-gastrectomy Body Weight Loss in Gastric Cancer Patients: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Ann Surg Oncol 2016; 23(9):2928-2935.
Kawata T, Ikeda A, Masuda H, Komatsu S. Changes in prognostic nutritional index during hospitalization and outcomes in patients with acute heart failure. Heart Vessels 2021.
Migita K, Matsumoto S, Wakatsuki K, Ito M, Kunishige T, Nakade H, Kitano M, Nakatani M, Kanehiro H. A decrease in the prognostic nutritional index is associated with a worse long-term outcome in gastric cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Surg Today 2017; 47(8):1018-1026.
Migita K, Matsumoto S, Wakatsuki K, Kunishige T, Nakade H, Miyao S, Sho M. Effect of Oral Nutritional Supplementation on the Prognostic Nutritional Index in Gastric Cancer Patients. Nutr Cancer 2020:1-8.
Kubota T, Hiki N, Sano T, Nomura S, Nunobe S, Kumagai K, Aikou S, Watanabe R, Kosuga T, Yamaguchi T. Prognostic significance of complications after curative surgery for gastric cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21(3):891-898.
Gitzelmann CA, Mendoza-Sagaon M, Talamini MA, Ahmad SA, Pegoli W, Jr., Paidas CN. Cell-mediated immune response is better preserved by laparoscopy than laparotomy. Surgery 2000; 127(1):65-71.
Tang F, Tie Y, Tu C, Wei X. Surgical trauma-induced immunosuppression in cancer: Recent advances and the potential therapies. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10(1):199-223.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Authorship
All authors have met the criteria or authorship including (1) providing substantial contributions, (2) drafting the work and/or critically revising the intellectual content, (3) providing final approval, and (4) providing agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Supplemental figure S1.
Cancer-specific survival curves of patients stratified by preoperative PNI (A) All patients, (B) patients with pStage I GC, and (C) patients with pStage II-III GC (PNG 19784 kb)
ESM 1
(DOCX 53.2 kb)
ESM 2
(DOCX 51.1 kb)
ESM 3
(DOCX 57.3 kb)
ESM 4
(DOCX 29 kb)
ESM 5
(DOCX 25 kb)
ESM 6
(DOCX 29 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Konishi, T., Kosuga, T., Inoue, H. et al. Significance of Preoperative Prognostic Nutritional Index in the Perioperative Management of Gastric Cancer. J Gastrointest Surg 26, 558–569 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-021-05168-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-021-05168-x