Abstract
Given the shortcomings of inadequate vacuum transfer effectiveness, susceptibility to clogging, and environmental impact, i.e., white pollution, associated with standard plastic drainage boards, this paper introduces an innovative solution termed combined vertical drain (CVD). This CVD is composed of biodegradable straw materials and tailings sand. Through controlled indoor model experiments, the drainage and consolidation performance of the CVD is investigated across varying proportions of straw content. The findings indicate that increasing the concentration of straw within the mixture of straw particles and tailings sand (referred to as MST) within the drain distinctly mitigates the diminishment of the vacuum condition during the vertical drainage transfer. Optimal elevation of the straw component in MST can notably reduce the duration required for vacuum preloading and enhance displacement up to a certain value. Nonetheless, an excessive increase in the straw composition not only fails to enhance drainage effectiveness but also raises the organic matter level within the soil. Furthermore, compared with the average water content difference of soil in different model box test units after vacuum preloading, the average divergence in vane shear strength of test soil exhibits a more pronounced variation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
Amavasai A, Gras J, Sivasithamparam N et al (2022) Towards consistent numerical analyses of embankments on soft soils. Eur J Environ Civ Eng 26(7):2616–2634. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2017.1354784
Bao S, Guo L, Dong Z, Zhou R et al (2023) Clogging behaviors in PVD and their evaluation criteria for dredged mud slurry. Water 15(24):4206. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15244206
Cai Y, Qiao H, Wang J et al (2017) Experimental tests on effect of deformed prefabricated vertical drains in dredged soil on consolidation via vacuum preloading. Eng Geol 222:10–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.03.020
Chen B, Pang L, Zhao Y et al (2022) Effect of activated gold tailings replacing fly ash on the properties of cement-based grouting material. J Mater Civ Eng 34(5):04022066. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004209
Chu C, Zhan M, Feng Q et al (2020) Effect of drying-wetting cycles on engineering properties of expansive soils modified by industrial wastes. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2020:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5602163
Feng X, Weng J et al (2018) Research on the application of wheat straw in the production of biodegradable drainage boards. J Nanjing Univ Eng (nat Sci Ed) 16(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.13960/j.issn.1672-2558.2018.01.001
Jin J, Qin Z, Lü X et al (2022) Rheology control of self-consolidating cement-tailings grout for the feasible use in coal gangue-filled backfill. Constr Build Mater 316:125836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125836
Joseph A, Chandrakaran S, Sankar N et al (2019) Development of hybrid material as drainage media and efficiency comparison of various vertical drains. J Mater Civ Eng 31(2):04018367. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002524
Lee H, Yang J, Kang M et al (2022) Comparison of performance of single-and double-core prefabricated vertical drains for thick reclaimed ground improvement. Mar Georesour Geotechnol 40(4):404–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2021.1903123
Lei H, Lu H, Liu J et al (2017) Experimental study of the clogging of dredger fills under vacuum preloading. Int J Geomech 17(12):04017117. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001028
Lei H, Feng S, Edgard C et al (2020) Numerical analysis on ground improvement of vacuum preloading with prefabricated radiant drain. Japanese Geotech Soc Spec Publ 8(13):514–519. https://doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.v08.c50
Li C, Wu H, Cheng G (2022) Comparative experimental study on soft soil reinforcement by vacuum preloading with different band drains. Soil Mech 43(10):2819–2827. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2021.2057
Li C, Xue Q, Jin D (2023) Analytical solutions for one-dimensional large-strain nonlinear consolidation of soft soils by considering a time-dependent drainage boundary. Int J Geomech 23(4):04023006. https://doi.org/10.1061/IJGNAI.GMENG-8235
Liang T, Yan Z, Liu C (2016) Indoor experiment on vacuum preloading drainage of wheat straw roller with a new drainage body. J Rock Mech Eng 35:3432–3440. https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2015.1118
Liu J, Li J, Lei H et al (2022) Ground improvement of dredged fills with two improved vacuum preloading methods: case study. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 148(12):05022008. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002922
Shi L, Jiang J, Wang Q et al (2021) Numerical study on movements of soil particles forming clogging layer during vacuum preloading of dredged slurry. Granular Matter 23:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-021-01151-0
Smith REW, Val AL (2020) Understanding the science surrounding environmental consequences and rehabilitation actions stemming from Brazil’s Fundão tailing dam rupture. Integr Environ Assess Manag 16(5):569–571. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4317
Standard for geotechnical testing method. GB/T 50123-2019
Su Y, Tang Y, Wang Y (2007) The application of grey soil wheat straw simple drainage tank in highway roadbed drainage. Chin Foreign Highw 27(6):4–6. https://doi.org/10.1404/j.issn.1671-2579.2007.06.00ieam.4317
Sun M, Lu F, Xu M, Li Y (2021) Chang Cheng research on vacuum preloading test of blow fill mud based on cotton straw drainage body. J Yancheng Inst Technol (nat Sci Ed) 34(3):11–16. https://doi.org/10.16018/j.cnki.cn32-1650/n.202103003
Technical specification for application of plastic drainage plates in water transport engineering. JTS 206-1-2009
Wang J, Ni J, Cai Y et al (2017) Combination of vacuum preloading and lime treatment for improvement of dredged fill. Eng Geol 227:149–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.02.013
Wang J, Yang Y, Fu H et al (2020) Improving consolidation of dredged slurry by vacuum preloading using prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) with varying filter pore sizes. Can Geotech J 57(2):294–303. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0572
Wang P, Wu J, Ge X et al (2022) Non-uniform consolidation of soil and influence of corresponding clogging effect during vacuum preloading. Int J Geosyn a Ground Eng 8(5):58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-022-00402-1
Wu X, Hu X, Wang J et al (2021) Influence of initial water content of dredged slurry on clogging effect under vacuum preloading. Arab J Geosci 14(13):1244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-07656-5
Xie Z, Wang J, Fu H et al (2020) Effect of pressurization positions on the consolidation of dredged slurry in air-booster vacuum preloading method. Mar Georesour Geotechnol 38(1):122–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2018.1563252
Xu B, Yamada S, Noda T (2014) Influence of bending of plastic vertical drain on consolidation via vacuum preloading. Appl Mech Mater 644:4826–4830. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.644-650.4826
Xu G, Yu X, Wu F et al (2017) Feasibility of vacuum consolidation in managing dredged slurries with wheat straw as drainage channels. KSCE J Civ Eng 21(4):1154–1160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-016-0496-3
Xu B, He N, Jiang Y et al (2020) Experimental study on the clogging effect of dredged fill surrounding the PVD under vacuum preloading. Geotext Geomembr 48(5):614–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2020.03.007
Xu S, Zhu Y, Cao H et al (2022) Studying the soil column formation in soft soil improved by vacuum preloading via coupled scale-up CFD-DEM simulations. Int J Numer Anal Meth Geomech 46(7):1272–1291. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.3345
Xu Y, Wu Y, Zhang X et al (2023) Anti-clogging mechanism of freeze-thaw combined with step vacuum preloading in treating landfill sludge. Environ Res 218:115059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.115059
Yamazoe N, Tanaka H, Hayashi H et al (2020) A rational design approach to peat ground improvement by vertical drains. Soils Found 60(6):1387–1404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2020.08.009
Yang P, Tang Y, Wang J et al (2012) Test on consolidation of dredger fill by cube grid of plastic drain board preinstalled. Eng Geol 127:81–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.01.004
Ye H, Chu C, Xu L et al (2018) Experimental studies on drying-wetting cycle characteristics of expansive soils improved by industrial wastes. Adv Civ Eng. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2321361
Young G, Yang M (2019) Preparation and characterization of Portland cement clinker from iron ore tailings. Constr Build Mater 197:152–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.236
Yu X, Liu C, Lu F (2020) Field test study on treatment of dredged soil with cotton straw. Soil Mech Found Eng 57(4):343–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-016-0496-3
Yuan J (2012) Soil science and soil mechanics. People’s Communications Press, Beijing
Zeng B, Zhen Y, Zhang D et al (2021) A case study of vacuum tube-well dewatering technology for improving deep soft soil in Yangtze River floodplain. Environ Earth Sci 80(17):598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09878-y
Zheng A, Yin Z, Wang S (2019) Study on the performance of plastic drain board after soft foundation reinforcement by vacuum preloading method. In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. IOP Publishing 295(4):042041. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/295/4/042041
Zhou L, Xie Y, Wang X et al (2023) Influence of different microbial inoculants on nitrogen retention and diazotroph community succession during cotton straw composting. Process Saf Environ Prot 172:882–893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2023.02.063
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful for the financial support of the National Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42172307) and the Anhui Provincial National Science Foundation (Grant No. 2008085MD118).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Edited by Dr. Ankit Garg (ASSOCIATE EDITOR) / Prof. Jochen Aberle (CO-EDITOR-IN-CHIEF).
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Chu, C., Liu, L., Cai, H. et al. Investigating the impact of straw-to-tailings sand ratios on combined vertical drain performance. Acta Geophys. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-024-01347-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-024-01347-x