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A review of the state of research on bridge pier scour under combined action of waves and current

  • Review Article - Hydrology
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Abstract

This article presents a review of the state of research on bridge pier scour under combined wave–current flow. The hydrodynamics and scour around the bridge pier under combined wave–current flow have been explained in detail based on the information available in the literature. The impact of relative flow velocity (Ucw), Keulegan–Carpenter number (KC), absolute Reynolds number (Rea), and sediment characteristics on bridge pier scour under combined wave–current flow is presented. This study includes physical modelling of scour with various formulations to predict scour depth and calculation procedures related to scour under combined wave–current flow in the coastal environment. In addition, this study also provides the development of numerical models to investigate bridge pier scour in detail. In the end, future prospects of hydrodynamics and scour around the bridge pier under combined wave–current flow are delineated.

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Abbreviations

A w :

Semi-orbital excursion (m)

C D :

Drag coefficient of current flow

d 50 :

Mean particle diameter (m)

d s :

Equilibrium scour depth (m)

D :

Pier diameter (m)

D * :

Dimensionless particle diameter

f w :

Wave friction factor

Fr :

Froude number

Fr a :

Froude number considering dimensionless scour depth

\(g\) :

Acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)

G :

Shear modulus of soil skeleton (Pa)

h :

Flow depth (m)

H :

Wave height (m)

k :

Wave number

k s :

Nikuradse bed roughness coefficient

k p :

Coefficient of permeability

k t :

Wave transmission coefficient;

K :

Karman constant

KC :

Keulegan–Carpenter number

L :

Characteristic length (m)

M :

Fitted factor

N :

Fitted factor

n :

Porosity

R :

Hydraulic radius (m)

R eD :

Pile Reynolds number

S :

Specific gravity of sand (kg/m3)

S c :

Equilibrium scour depth due to current (m)

S r :

Degree of saturation of soil mass;

S t :

Temporal variation of scour depth (m)

S wc :

Equilibrium scour depth under wave–current flow (m)

t :

Scour time (s)

t e :

Time required for the development of equilibrium scour depth (m)

T :

Timescale

T * :

Normalized timescale

T w :

Wave period (s)

U a :

Absolute velocity (m/s)

U c :

Flow velocity of current (m/s)

U m :

Maximum velocity of combined wave–current flow (m/s)

U wm :

Amplitude of orbital velocity near bed (m/s)

U cw :

Relative flow velocity

r:

Relative roughness

R :

Radius of scour hole (m)

R w :

Wave Reynolds number

x :

X direction

y :

Y direction

z :

Z direction

z0 :

Bed roughness length (m)

δ :

Bed boundary layer thickness (m)

δ s :

Width of the scoured flatbed near the bridge pier, i.e., Zone 2 (m)

θ :

Shields parameter

θ cr :

Critical Shields parameter

φ :

Angle of repose for sediment particle (°)

φ d :

Dynamic angle of repose of the scour hole (°)

\(\phi\)′:

Angle between wave and current (°)

ρ :

Density of water (kg/m3)

ρ s :

Density of sediment particle (kg/m3)

σg :

Standard deviation of grain size distribution

τ :

Bed shear stress (N/m2)

τ cr :

Critical bed shear stress (N/m2)

τ c :

Maximum bottom shear stress induced by current (N/m2)

τ w :

Maximum shear stress induced by wave (N/m2)

τ max :

Maximum bed shear stress (N/m2)

ʋ :

Kinematic viscosity (m2 /s)

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  1. Mohammad Saud Afzal

    Present address: Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India

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  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India

    Lalit Kumar

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Kumar, L., Afzal, M.S. A review of the state of research on bridge pier scour under combined action of waves and current. Acta Geophys. 71, 2359–2379 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-022-01001-4

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