Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Site diversity performance in Ka band using a 7.3-m antenna diameter at tropical climate: a comparison of prediction models

  • Research Article - Atmospheric & Space Sciences
  • Published:
Acta Geophysica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Site diversity gain prediction models were created to estimate mathematically the acquired benefits from the implementation of site diversity at place of choice. This work contributes to the comparison of existing gain prediction model to the gain of measured attenuation at Cyberjaya and Rawang, Malaysia. The experiment has been conducted for 4 years from 2014 to 2017, in Ka band using a large 7.3-m diameter antenna and a high elevation angle of 68.8°, together with the rain analysis at both places for the same duration. The average monthly rainfall and attenuation for 4 years were presented. The results revealed that prediction model Hodge performs better than other models, while X. Yeo and Panagopoulos models appear to exhibit very similar graph shape to the measured gain data. More research on gain development in tropical region should be conducted, as the existing prediction model appears to be less consistent with the current data.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Acosta R, Morse J, Zemba M, Nessel J (2012) Two years of site diversity measurements in Guam, USA. In: 18th Ka and Broadband Communications, Navigation and Earth Observation Conference, 24–27 September 2012, Ottawa, Canada, available from: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20120016399.pdf. Accessed 22 Jun 2019.

  • Bosisio AV, Capsoni C, Matricciani E (1993) Comparison among prediction methods of site diversity system performances. In: Eighth International Conference on Antennas and Propagation, 30 March-2 April 1993, Edinburgh, UK, 60–63, ISBN: 0–85296–572–9.

  • Callaghan SA, Boyes B, Couchman A, Waight J, Walden CJ, Ventouras S (2008) An investigation of site diversity and comparison with ITU-R Recommendations. Radio Sci 43(RS4010):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007RS003793

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Capsoni C, D’Amico M, Nebuloni R (2009) Time and site diversity gain: a close relationship. In: International Workshop on Satellite and Space Communications, 9–11 September 2009, Tuscany, Italy, 166–170, DOI: 10.1109/IWSSC.2009.5286387.

  • Cuervo F, Schönhuber M, Capsoni C, Hong Yin L, Jong SL, Bin Din J, Martellucci A (2016) Ka-Band propagation campaign in Malaysia-first months of operation and site diversity analysis. In: 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 10–15 April 2016, Davos, Switzerland, 1–5, DOI: 10.1109/EuCAP.2016.7481248.

  • Fenech H, Tomatis A, Amos S, Serrano Merino J, Soumpholphakdy V (2014) An operator’s perspective on propagation. In: 8th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 6–11 April 2014, The Hague, Netherlands, 3349–3352, DOI: 10.1109/EuCAP.2014.6902545.

  • Harika S, Nagarjuna S, Naveen TV, Sanjay Harshanth G, Sri Kavya KC, Kotamraju SK (2018) Analysis of rain fade mitigation using site diversity technique in southern tropical region of India. Int J Eng Technol 7(1):622–626. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.1.10790

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodge DB (1976) An empirical relationship for path diversity gain. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 24(2):250–251. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.1976.1141304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodge DB (1981) An improved model for diversity gain on earth-space propagation paths. Radio Sci 17(6):1393–1399. https://doi.org/10.1029/RS017i006p01393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ippolito LJ Jr (2017) Satellite communications system engineering. Atmospheric effects, satellite link design and system performance, 2nd edn. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, West Sussex

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Islam MR, Habaebi MH, Haidar IMD, Lwas AK, Zyoud A, Mandeep S (2015) Rain fade mitigation on earth-to-satellite microwave links using Site Diversity. In: IEEE 12th Malaysia International Conference on Communications (MICC), 23–25 November 2015, Kuching, Malaysia, 186–191, DOI: 10.1109/MICC.2015.7725431.

  • Islam MR, Lwas AK, Habaebi MH (2017) Site diversity gain for earth-to-satellite links using rain intensity measurement. Indones J Electric Eng Inf (IJEEI) 5(4):330–338. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeei.v5i4.364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jong SL, Lam HY, Din J, Amico MD (2015) Investigation of Ka-band satellite communication propagation in equatorial regions. ARPN J Eng Appl Sci 10(20): 9795–9799, available from: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/42955742.pdf. Accessed 23 Jun 2019.

  • Kyrgiazos A, Evans B, Thompson P (2014) On the gateway diversity for high throughput broadband satellite systems. IEEE Trans Wirel Commun 13(10):5411–5426. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2014.2339217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lam HY, Luini L, Din J, Capsoni C, Panagopoulos AD (2015) Performance of site-diversity satellite communication systems in equatorial Malaysia investigated through weather radar data. In: 9th IEEE European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 13–17 April 2015, Lisbon, Portugal, 1–4,available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7228442. Accessed 23 Jun 2019.

  • Nagaraja C, Otung IE (2012) Statistical prediction of site diversity gain on earth-space paths based on radar measurements on the UK. IEEE Trans Antenna Propagat 60(1):247–256. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2011.2167896

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Omotosho TV, Mandeep JS, Abdullah M (2011) Cloud-cover statistics and cloud attenuation at Ka- and V-Bands for satellite systems design in tropical wet climate. IEEE Antennas Wirel Propag Lett 10:1194–1196. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2011.2172674

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Omotosho TV, Akinwumi SA, Ometan OO, Adewusi MO, Mandeep JS, Abdullah M (2017) Earth-Space rain attenuation prediction: its impact at Ku, Ka and V-band over some equatorial stations. J Inf Math Sci 9(2):359–374

    Google Scholar 

  • Panagopoulos AD, Arapoglou PDM, Cottis PG (2004) Satellite communications at KU, KA, and V bands: Propagation impairments and mitigation techniques. IEEE Commun Surv Tut 6(3):2–14. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2004.5342290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panagopoulos AD, Arapoglou PDM, Kanellopoulos JD, Cottis PG (2005) Long-term rain attenuation probability and site diversity gain prediction formulas. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 53(7):2307–2313. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2005.850762

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ITU-R Recommendation P.311–13 (10/2009). Acquisition, presentation and analysis of data in studies of tropospheric propagation. Geneva. Electronic Publication.

  • ITU-R Recommendation P.618–13 (2017) Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of earth-space telecommunication systems. Geneva. Electronic Publication.

  • Rytir M, Cheffena M, Grotthing PA, Braten LE, Tjelta T (2017) Three-site diversity at Ka-band satellite links in Norway: gain, fade duration and the impact of switching schemes. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 65(11):5992–6001. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2017.2751667

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samat F, Mandeep JS (2019) Rain attenuation at tropical region site diversity gain models sensitivity. Indone J Electric Eng Inf (IJEEI) 7(3):472–483. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeei.v7i3.956

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samat F, Mandeep JS (2020) Impact of rain attenuation to Ka-Band signal propagation in tropical region: a study of 5-Year MEASAT-5’s beacon measurement data. Wirel Personal Commun. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-07172-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Semire FA, Rosmiwati M, Widad I, Norizah M, Mandeep JS (2014) Evaluation of site diversity rain attenuation mitigation technique in South-East Asia. J Acta Astronautica Sci Direct 96(1):303–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.11.034

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Semire FA, Mohd-Mokhtar R, Ismail W, Mohamad N, Mandeep JS (2015) Modeling of rain attenuation and site diversity predictions for tropical regions. J Ann Geophys 33(3):321–331. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-321-2015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shayea I, Rahman TA, Hadriazmi M, Islam MR (2018) Real measurement study for rain rate and rain attenuation conducted over 26 GHz microwave 5G link system in Malaysia. IEEE Access 6:19044–19064. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2810855

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Timothy KI, Ong JT, Choo EBL (2001) Performance of the site diversity technique in Singapore: preliminary results. IEEE Commun Lett 5(2):49–51. https://doi.org/10.1109/4234.905932

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang R, Li L, Zhao Z, Lu T (2013) Cloud simulation and attenuation at Ka band on slant path. In: 2013 Cross Strait Quad-Regional Radio Science and Wireless Technology Conference, 21–25 July 2013, Chengdu, China. DOI: 10.1109/CSQRWC.2013.6657414.

  • Yeo JX, Lee YH, Ong JT (2011) Performance of site diversity investigated through RADAR derived results. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 59(10):3890–3898. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2011.2163770

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeo JX, Lee YH, Ong JT (2015) Site diversity gain at the equator: radar-derived results and modelling in Singapore. Int J Satell Commun Netw 33(2):107–118. https://doi.org/10.1002/sat.1074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan F, Lee YH, Meng YS (2016) Investigation of cloud attenuation on Ka-band satellite beacon signal in tropical region. In: 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (APSURSI), 26 June–1 July 2016, Fajardo, Puerto Rico. DOI: 10.1109/APS.2016.7696335.

  • Yuan F, Lee YH, Meng YS, Yeo JX, Ong JT (2017) Statistical study of cloud attenuation on Ka-band satellite Signal in Tropical Region. IEEE Antennas Wirel Propag Lett 16:2018–2021. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2017.2693423

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yussuff AIO, Hamzat N, Khamis NHH (2017) Site diversity technique application on rain attenuation for Lagos. Indones J Electric Eng Inf (IJEEI). 5(1):77–84. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeei.v5i1.262

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank MEASAT Satellite Systems Sdn Bhd, a leading satellite operator in Malaysia for providing us with the data from its earth station gateways in Cyberjaya and Rawang for the years of 2014 to 2017. The authors also would like to appreciate and thank Mr. Ahmad Zaidee bin Abu, an independent researcher, for his contributions in developing scripts to process data according to the given algorithm.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical, Electronic and System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia

    Fazdliana Samat & Mandeep Jit Singh

  2. Space Science Centre (ANGKASA), Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia

    Mandeep Jit Singh

Authors
  1. Fazdliana Samat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mandeep Jit Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fazdliana Samat.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interests

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Samat, F., Singh, M.J. Site diversity performance in Ka band using a 7.3-m antenna diameter at tropical climate: a comparison of prediction models. Acta Geophys. 68, 1213–1221 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-020-00451-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-020-00451-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation