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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Hydralazine Promotes Central Nervous System Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury by Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation through Macrophage Regulation

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This article was retracted on 19 April 2024

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Abstract

Objective

This study aims to investigate the effects of hydralazine on inflammation induced by spinal cord injury (SCI) in the central nervous system (CNS) and its mechanism in promoting the structural and functional recovery of the injured CNS.

Methods

A compressive SCI mouse model was utilized for this investigation. Immunofluorescence and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were employed to examine the levels of acrolein, acrolein-induced inflammation-related factors, and macrophages at the injury site and within the CNS. Western blotting was used to evaluate the activity of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway to study macrophage regulation. The neuropathic pain and motor function recovery were evaluated by glutamic acid decarboxylase 65/67 (GAD65/67), vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1), paw withdrawal response, and Basso Mouse Scale score. Nissl staining and Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) staining were performed to investigate the structural recovery of the injured CNS.

Results

Hydralazine downregulated the levels of acrolein, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the spinal cord. The downregulation of acrolein induced by hydralazine promoted the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, leading to M2 macrophage polarization, which protected neurons against SCI-induced inflammation. Additionally, hydralazine promoted the structural recovery of the injured spinal cord area. Mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress by hydralazine in the animal model alleviated neuropathic pain and altered neurotransmitter expression. Furthermore, hydralazine facilitated motor function recovery following SCI. Nissl staining and LFB staining indicated that hydralazine promoted the structural recovery of the injured CNS.

Conclusion

Hydralazine, an acrolein scavenger, significantly mitigated SCI-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in vivo, modulated macrophage activation, and consequently promoted the structural and functional recovery of the injured CNS.

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Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China

    Xin Quan & Bao-qiang Song

  2. Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China

    Teng Ma

  3. Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China

    Kai Guo

  4. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xi’an Hospital of Traditional Medicine, Xi’an, 710000, China

    Huan Wang

  5. Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China

    Cai-yong Yu & Chu-chu Qi

Authors
  1. Xin Quan
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  2. Teng Ma
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  3. Kai Guo
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  4. Huan Wang
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  5. Cai-yong Yu
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  6. Chu-chu Qi
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  7. Bao-qiang Song
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Xin Quan or Bao-qiang Song.

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The authors declared that they have no conflicts of interest to this work.

Additional information

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Young Scientists Fund (No. 81801216, No. 81802143, and No. 81901966) and the China Postdoctoral Foundation (No. 2018M633748).

This article has been retracted. Please see the retraction notice for more detail: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-024-2864-4

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Quan, X., Ma, T., Guo, K. et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Hydralazine Promotes Central Nervous System Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury by Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation through Macrophage Regulation. CURR MED SCI 43, 749–758 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-023-2767-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-023-2767-9

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