References
Hunt DR, Bullen L. The frequency of os acromiale in the Robert J. Terry collection. Int J Osteoarchaeol, 2007,17(3):309–317
Rudez J, Zanetti M. Normal anatomy, variants and pitfalls on shoulder MRI. Eur J Radiol, 2008,68(1):25–35
Case DT, Burnett SE, Nielsen T. Os acromiale: population differences and their etiological significance. Homo, 2006,57(1):1–18
Hambly N, Fitzpatrick P, MacMahon P, et al. Rotator cuff impingement: correlation between findings on MRI and outcome after fluoroscopically guided subacromial bursography and steroid injection. Am J Roentgenol, 2007,189:1179–1184
Chambler AF, Bull AM, Reilly P, et al. Coracoacromial ligament tension in vivo. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2003,12(4):365–367
Jin W, Ryu KN, Park YK, et al. Cystic lesions in the posterosuperior portion of the humeral head on MR arthrography: correlations with gross and histologic findings in cadavers. Am J Roentgenol, 2005,184(4):1211–1215
Wilde LF, Berghs BM, Audenaert E, et al. About the variability of the shape of the glenoid cavity. Surg Radiol Anat, 2004,26(1):54–59
Resnick D, Kang HS, Pretterklieber ML. Shoulder. In: Resnick D, Kang HS, Pretterklieber ML, eds. Internal Derangements of the Joints. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2007:713–1122
Stoller DW. Magnetic resonance imaging in orthopaedics and sports medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007
Kevin S, Jenny T, Andrew S. Anatomic variants and pitfalls of the labrum, glenoid cartilage, and glenohumeral ligaments. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am, 2012,20(2):213–228
De Maeseneer M, Van Roy F, Lenchik L, et al. CT and MR arthrography of the normal and pathologic anterosuperior labrum and labral-bicipital complex. Radiographics, 2000,20:S67–81
Tirman PF, Feller JF, Palmer WE, et al. The Buford complex—a variation of normal shoulder anatomy: MR arthrographic imaging features. Am J Roentgenol, 1996,166:869–873
McCarthy C. Glenohumeral instability. Imaging, 2003,15:174–179
Beltran J, Bencardino J, Padron M, et al. The middle glenohumeral ligament: normal anatomy, variants and pathology. Skeletal Radiol, 2002,31(5):253–262
Cook TS, Stein JM, Simonson S, et al. Normal and variant anatomy of the shoulder on MRI. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am, 2011,19(3):581–594
Stoller DW, Wolf EM, Li AE, et al. The shoulder. In: Stoller DW, Beltran S, Li AE, et al, eds. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Orthopedics and Sports Medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: LWW, 2007:1131e463
Fitzpatrick D, Walz DM. Shoulder MR imaging normal variants and imaging artifacts. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am, 2010,18(4):615–632
Ramirez Ruiz FA, Baranski Kaniak BC, Haghighi P, et al. High origin of the anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament: MR arthrography with anatomic and histologic correlation in cadavers. Skeletal Radiol, 2012,41(5):525–530
Tuoheti Y, Itoi E, Minagawa H, et al. Attachment types of the long head of the biceps tendon to the glenoid labrum and their relationships with the glenohumeral ligaments. Arthroscopy, 2005,21(10):1242–1249
Beltran J, Bencardino J, Mellado J, et al. MR arthrography of the shoulder: variants and pitfalls. Radiographics, 1997,17(6):1403–1412
Chatterjee P, Sureka J. Normal variants of the middle glenohumeral ligament in MR imaging of the shoulder. Internet J Radiol, 2009,10(2):25
Wall MS, O’Brien SJ. Arthroscopic evaluation of the unstable shoulder. Clin Sports Med, 1995,14(4):817
Resnick D, Kang HS, Pretterklieber ML. Shoulder. In: Resnick D, Kang HS, Pretterklieber ML, eds. Internal Derangements of the Joints. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2007:713e1122
Rockwood CA, Matsen FA. The shoulder. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1990:17e27.
Vangsness Jr CT, Jorgenson SS, Watson T, et al. The origin of the long head of the biceps from the scapula and glenoid labrum. An anatomical study of 100 shoulders. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 1994,76(6):9514
Vollala VR, Nagabhooshana S, Bhat SM, et al. Multiple accessory structures in the upper limb of a single cadaver. Singapore Med J, 2008,49:e254–e258
Gheno R, Zoner CS, Buck FM, et al. Accessory head of biceps brachii muscle: anatomy, histology, and MRI in cadavers. Am J Roentgenol, 2010,194:W80–83
Ward AD, Hamarneh G, Schweitzer ME. 3D bicipital groove shape analysis and relationship to tendopathy. J Digit Imaging, 2008,21(2):219–234
Abu-Hijleh MF. Three-headed biceps brachii muscle associated with duplicated musculocutaneous nerve. Clin Anat, 2005,18(5):376–379
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, M., Shen, W. & Wang, Rf. Variant anatomy of the shoulder on MRI. J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technol. [Med. Sci.] 33, 805–809 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-013-1202-z
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-013-1202-z