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A functional FeIII-based NH2-MOF as an electrochemical sensor for Cu2+ detection in ethanol fuel

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Abstract

The presence of Cu2+ in ethanol fuel represents a problem in terms of quality, leading to issues in the engines of automotive vehicles. Thus, this study brings an innovative FeIII-organic framework to develop an electrochemical sensor to detect Cu2+ in ethanolic media. The synthesized metal–organic framework (MOF) was MIL-88b-NH2 and MIL-82, and these materials were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. The results showed the successful synthesis of both MOFs with minor synthetic modifications. Subsequently, the modified carbon paste selected to analyze Cu2+ in ethanol fuel was MIL-88b-NH2 based on the results obtained from cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Subsequently, square wave anodic stripping voltammetry parameters were optimized using a design of experiments approach. The analytical signal of the electrode exhibited good stability (relative standard deviation = 5.2%). Besides, the correlation coefficient (r) and coefficient of determination (R2) calculated in the calibration curve were 0.9993 and 99.85%, respectively, indicating a good fit of the linear model to the experimental data. The limit of detection obtained from the linear equation was 0.020 µmol L−1. Finally, in the recovery test using spiked samples of ethanol fuel, the obtained values were 83 and 96%, indicating the absence of matrix effects. Our findings demonstrate that the MIL-88b-NH2 modified carbon paste electrode is a suitable sensor for assessing Cu2+ contamination in ethanol fuel under and above the limit permitted by Brazilian legislation.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Laboratório Multiusuário de Instrumentação – LabMInst (LabPetro-UFES, Brazil) for performing FTIR, Fluorescence measurements (Technical Cooperation Agreements No. 0050.0022844.06.4).

The authors would like to thank Laboratório Multiusuários de difração de raios X (LabPetro-UFES, Brazil) for performing PXRD measurement (Technical Cooperation Agreements FAPES No. 162/2020).

Funding

The authors, R. Fonseca and G. Santos, were funded with a scholarship from the Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement and the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (No. 158768/2019–1), respectively.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemistry Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil

    Ramon R. F. da Fonseca, Gabriel F. S. dos Santos, José G. A. Rodrigues, Rafael de Q. Ferreira & Priscilla P. Luz

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  1. Ramon R. F. da Fonseca
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  2. Gabriel F. S. dos Santos
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  3. José G. A. Rodrigues
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  4. Rafael de Q. Ferreira
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  5. Priscilla P. Luz
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by R. R. F. F., G. F. S. S., and J. G. A. R. The first draft of the manuscript was written by R. R. F. F., and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. R. Q. F. and P. P. L. read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Priscilla P. Luz.

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Fonseca, R.R.F.d., Santos, G.F.S.d., Rodrigues, J.G.A. et al. A functional FeIII-based NH2-MOF as an electrochemical sensor for Cu2+ detection in ethanol fuel. Ionics 30, 2397–2407 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-024-05425-4

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