Abstract
Silicon (Si) is one of the most potential candidates for the next-generation anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, the practical application of Si anode is limited by low conductivity and large volume expansion during charge/discharge processes. Herein, hierarchical Si/C composites are prepared via two-step chemical vapor deposition method and one-step in situ polymerization, in which N-doped carbon-coated Si nanofiber was deposited on carbon nanofiber/natural microcrystalline graphite. Such structural design is beneficial to restrict the volume expansion of Si and enhance the conductivity of electrode material. Moreover, derived silicon carbide at the interface between carbon nanofiber with silicon greatly improves the bonding ability, preventing the separation of Si from carbon fibers. Therefore, the composites can provide a reversible capacity of 528.3 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1 and display good rate capability (the capacity retention rate is 89.8% after charging and discharging under different currents).
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Code availability
Available.
References
Nishi Y (2001) Lithium ion secondary batteries; past 10 years and the future. J Power Sources 100(1–2):101–106
Scrosati B, Garche J (2010) Lithium batteries: status, prospects and future. J Power Sources 195(9):2419–2430
Du C-F, Liang Q, Luo Y, Zheng Y, Yan Q (2017) Recent advances in printable secondary batteries. J Mater Chem A 5(43):22442–22458
Du F, Wang KX, Chen JS (2015) Strategies to succeed in improving the lithium-ion storage properties of silicon nanomaterials. J Mater Chem A 4(1):32–50
Zhang MA, Zhang TF, Ma YF, Chen YS (2016) Latest development of nanostructured Si/C materials for lithium anode studies and applications. Energy Storage Mater 4:1–14
Shi J, Liang Y, Li L, Peng Y, Yang H (2015) Evaluation of the electrochemical characteristics of silicon/lithium titanate composite as anode material for lithium ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 155:125–131
Li XT, Yang DD, Hou XC, Shi JH, Peng Y, Yang HB (2017) Scalable preparation of mesoporous Silicon@C/graphite hybrid as stable anodes for lithium-ion batteries. J Alloy Compd 728:1–9
Liu B, Huang P, Zhang Q, Huang QZ, Xie ZY (2020) Rational-design micro-nanostructure of porous carbon film/silicon nanowire/graphite microsphere composites for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. J Mater Sci 55(26):12165–12176
Liu R, Shen C, Dong Y, Qin J, Wang Qi (2018) Sandwich-like CNTs/Si/C nanotubes as high performance anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. J Mater Chem A 6(30):14797–14804
Chen S, Chen Z, Xu X, Cao C, Xia M, Luo Y (2018) Scalable 2D mesoporous silicon nanosheets for highperformance lithium-ion battery anode. SMALL 14 (12):1703361
Tesfaye AT, Gonzalez-Rodriguez R, Coffer JL, Djenizian T (2017) Self-supported silicon nanotube arrays as an anode electrode for Li-ion batteries. ECS Trans 77(11):349–350
Han Y, Zou J, Li Z, Wang W, Jie Y, Ma J, Tang B, Zhang Q, Cao X, Xu S, Wang ZL (2018) Si@void@C nanofibers fabricated using a self-powered electrospinning system for lithium-ion batteries. ACS Nano 12(5):4835–4843
Miao F, Miao R, Wu W, Cong W, Zang Y, Tao B (2018) A stable hybrid anode of graphene/silicon nanowires array for high performance lithium-ion battery. Mater Lett 228:262–265
Ma C, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Li Y, Shi J (2020) A novel raspberry-like yolk-shell structured Si/C micro/nano-spheres as high-performance anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. J Alloy Compd 844:156201
Chen S, Ma C, Zhu Y, Cao C (2020) Interpenetrated tunnel route in silicon/carbon hollow sphere anode to boost their lithium storage. Materials Chemistry Frontiers 4 (9):2782–2790
Lw A, Hz B, Jy A, Xz A, Yr A, Yn A, Sc A (2017) Carbon coated mesoporous Si anode prepared by a partial magnesiothermic reduction for lithium-ion batteries. J Alloy Compd 716:204–209
Chen S, Chen Z, Luo Y, Xia M, Cao C (2017) Silicon hollow sphere anode with enhanced cycling stability by a template-free method. Nanotechnology 28(16):165404
Palomino J, Varshney D, Weiner BR, Morell G (2015) Study of the structural changes undergone by hybrid nanostructured Si-CNTs employed as an anode material in a rechargeable lithium-ion battery. J Phys Chem C 119(36):21125–21134
Bai XJ, Yu YY, Kung HH, Wang B, Jiang JM (2016) Si@SiOx/graphene hydrogel composite anode for lithium-ion battery. J Power Sources 306:42–48
Wang M-S, Song W-L, Fan L-Z (2015) Three-dimensional interconnected network of graphene-wrapped silicon/carbon nanofiber hybrids for binder-free anodes in lithium-ion batteries. ChemElectroChem 2(11):1699–1706
Huang P, Liu B, Zhang J, Liu M, Xie Z (2021) Silicon/carbon composites based on natural microcrystalline graphite as anode for lithium-ion batteries. Ionics 27(5):1957–1966
Jang S-M, Miyawaki J, Tsuji M, Mochida I, Yoon S-H, Kang F-y (2010) Preparation of a carbon nanofiber/natural graphite composite and an evaluation of its electrochemical properties as an anode material for a Li-ion battery. New Carbon Mater 25(2):89–96
Chen Y, Hu Y, Shao J, Shen Z, Chen R, Zhang X, He X, Song Y, Xing X (2015) Pyrolytic carbon-coated silicon/carbon nanofiber composite anodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. J Power Sources 298:130–137
Ikoma Y, Hayano K, Edalati K, Saito K, Guo Q, Horita Z, Aoki T, Smith DJ (2014) Fabrication of nanograined silicon by high-pressure torsion. J Mater Sci 49(19):6565–6569
Ren Z, Wang Z, Chao C, Jia W, Fu X, Fan C, Qian G (2014) Preparation of carbon-encapsulated ZnO tetrahedron as an anode material for ultralong cycle life performance lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 146(5):52–59
Guo R, Yue W, An Y, Ren Y, Yan X (2014) Graphene-encapsulated porous carbon-ZnO composites as high-performance anode materials for Li-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 135:161–167
Li J, Han L, Zhang X, Zhu G, Chen T, Lu T, Pan L (2019) Sb2O5/Co-containing carbon polyhedra as anode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Chem Eng J 370:800–809
Zhang Y, Hu K, Zhou Y, Xia Y, Yu N, Wu G, Zhu Y, Wu Y, Huang H (2019) A facile, one-step synthesis of silicon/silicon carbide/carbon nanotube nanocomposite as a cycling-stable anode for lithium ion batteries. Nanomaterials 9 (11):1624
Liu W, Xu H, Qin H, Lv Y, Wang F, Zhu G, Lin F, Wang L, Ni C (2019) The effect of carbon coating on graphite@nano-Si composite as anode materials for Li-ion batteries. J Solid State Electrochem 23(12):3363–3372
Sun C, Wang YJ, Gu H, Fan H, Zhang J (2020) Interfacial coupled design of epitaxial Graphene@SiC Schottky junction with built-in electric field for high-performance anodes of lithium ion batteries. Nano Energy 77:105092
Xu ZL, Zhang B, Kim JK (2014) Electrospun carbon nanofiber anodes containing monodispersed Si nanoparticles and graphene oxide with exceptional high rate capacities. Nano Energy 6:27–35
Zhou X, Wan LJ, Guo YG (2013) Electrospun silicon nanoparticle/porous carbon hybrid nanofibers for lithium-ion batteries. Small 9(16):2684–2688
Li J, Li J, Ding Z, Zhang X, Pan L (2019) In-situ encapsulation of Ni3S2 nanoparticles into N-doped interconnected carbon networks for efficient lithium storage. Chem Eng J 378:122108
Zhang X, Li J, Li J, Han L, Lu T, Zhang X, Zhu G, Pan L (2020) 3D TiO2@nitrogen-doped carbon/Fe7S8 composite derived from polypyrrole-encapsulated alkalized MXene as anode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Chem Eng J 385:123394
Wood KN, O’Hayre R, Pylypenko S (2014) Recent progress on nitrogen/carbon structures designed for use in energy and sustainability applications. Energy Environ Sci 7(4):1212–1249
Gan L, Guo H, Wang Z, Li X, Peng W, Wang J, Huang S, Su M (2013) A facile synthesis of graphite/silicon/graphene spherical composite anode for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 104:117–123
Zhang H, Li X, Guo H, Wang Z, Zhou Y (2016) Hollow Si/C composite as anode material for high performance lithium-ion battery. Powder Technol 299:178–184
Yim C-H, Courtel FM, Abu-Lebdeh Y (2013) A high capacity silicon-graphite composite as anode for lithium-ion batteries using low content amorphous silicon and compatible binders. J Mater Chem A 1(28):8234–8243
Lim S-Y (2019) Amorphous-silicon nanoshell on artificial graphite composite as the anode for lithium-ion battery. Solid State Sci 93:24–30
Zhao H, Tu N, Zhang W, Zhang M, Wang J (2021) Novel synthesis of silicon/carbon nanotubes microspheres as anode additives through chemical vapor deposition in fluidized bed reactors. Scripta Mater 192:49–54
Kim N, Chae S, Ma J, Ko M, Cho J (2017) Fast-charging high-energy lithium-ion batteries via implantation of amorphous silicon nanolayer in edge-plane activated graphite anodes. Nat Commun 8 (1):812
Wang D, Gao M, Pan H, Wang J, Liu Y (2014) High performance amorphous-Si@SiOx/C composite anode materials for Li-ion batteries derived from ball-milling and in situ carbonization. Journal of Power Sources 256 (jun.15):190–199
Xu Y, Zhu Y, Han F, Chao L, Wang C (2015) 3D Si/C fiber paper electrodes fabricated using a combined electrospray/electrospinning technique for Li-ion batteries. Adv Energy Mater 5(1):1–7
Sun C, Deng Y, Wan L, Qin X, Chen G (2014) Graphene oxide-immobilized NH2-terminated silicon nanoparticles by cross-linked interactions for highly stable silicon negative electrodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6(14):11277
Wetjen M, Pritzl D, Jung R, Solchenbach S, Ghadimi R, Gasteiger HA (2017) Differentiating the degradation phenomena in silicon-graphite electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. J Electrochem Soc 164(12):A2840–A2852
Chen Y, Zeng S, Qian J, Wang Y, Cao Y, Yang H, Ai X (2014) Li+-conductive polymer-embedded nano-Si particles as anode material for advanced Li-ion batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6(5):3508–3512
Yuca N, Cetintasoglu ME, Dogdu MF, Akbulut H, Tabanli S, Colak U, Taskin OS (2018) Highly efficient poly(fluorene phenylene) copolymer as a new class of binder for high-capacity silicon anode in lithium-ion batteries. Int J Energy Res 42(3):1148–1157
Wan L, Tang Y, Chen L, Wang K, Pan L (2020) In-situ construction of g-C3N4/Mo2CTx hybrid for superior lithium storage with significantly improved Coulombic efficiency and cycling stability. Chem Eng J 410(6861):128349
Funding
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2019YFB1504502).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Jiali Zhang contributed to the central ideal, carried the experiment, collected the data, performed the data analyses, and wrote the initial draft of the paper. The remaining authors carried out additional analyses and revised this paper.
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, J., Liu, B., Zhang, R. et al. The preparation of carbon-coated Si nanofiber deposited on carbon nanofiber/natural microcrystalline graphite as the anode for lithium-ion batteries. Ionics 28, 657–668 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-021-04380-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-021-04380-8