Abstract
This study was based on developing Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3-xBax)O2 (x = 0.04, 0.08, 0.11, 0.22, and 0.33) materials by substituting expensive Co with Ba, for the use in the cathode of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Glycine-nitrate combustion method, which is a low-cost combustion technique, was employed to synthesize spherical shaped micron size secondary particles formed by densely agglomerated primary particles. The phase analysis performed by the X-ray diffractometry revealed the formation of the required layered phase of R-3m structure with trace amounts of a secondary phase. Furthermore, these Ba-substituted novel materials showed considerably higher electrical conductivity than those of the Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 base material. In the cell performance studies, the Ba-substituted cathode materials synthesized in this study showed slightly lower initial discharge capacity of 162.4 mA h g−1 but with considerably improved cycle performance compared to those of the Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 base material (187.7 mA h g−1). More importantly, the Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3-xBax)O2, x = 0.04 material clearly showed its ability to eliminate and prevent structural transformation usually associated with excess Li extraction at potentials above 4.5 V. Therefore, the Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3-xBax)O2, x = 0.04 material can be proposed as a potential candidate for the high-voltage cathode application of LIB.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amaraweera THNG, Wijayasinghe A, Mellander B-E, Dissanayake MAKL (2017) Development of Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3-xNax)O2 cathode materials by synthesizing with glycine nitrate combustion technique for Li-ion rechargeable batteries. Ionics 23:3001–3011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-017-2098-6
Amaraweera THNG, Senarathna D, Wijayasinghe A (2016) Synthesis of Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2 by glycine nitrate combustion process. Ceylon J Sci 45(3):21–27
Chang C-C, Kim JY, Kumta PN (2000) Synthesis and electrochemical characterization of divalent cation-incorporated lithium nickel oxide. J Electrochem Soc 147(5):1722–1729
Chang H, Kubota K, Kobayashi G, Hirayama M, Kanno R (2014) High-pressure synthesis and electrochemical properties of lithium transition metal oxides with layered rock-salt structure. J Power Sources 252:1–7
Fujii Y, Miura H, Suzuki N, Shoji T, Nakayama N (2007) Structural and electrochemical properties of LiNi1/3Co1/3 Mn1/3O2–LiMg1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 solid solutions. Solid State Ionics 178:849–857
He W, Qian J, Cao Y, Aib X, Yang H (2012) Improved electrochemical performances of nanocrystalline Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 cathode material for Li-ion batteries. RSC Adv 2:3423–3429
Liu Q, Du K, Guo H, Peng Z-D, Cao Y-B, Hu G-R (2013) Structural and electrochemical properties of Co–Mn–Mg multi-doped nickel based cathode materials LiNi0.9Co0.1−x[Mn1/2Mg1/2]xO2 for secondary lithium ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 90:350–357
Kabi S, Ghosh A (2013) Microstructure of Li(Mn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3)O2 cathode material for lithium ion battery: dependence of crystal structure on calcination and heat-treatment temperature. Mater Res Bull 48:3405–3410
Oljaca M, Blizanac B, Pasquier AD, Sun Y, Bontchev R (2014) Novel Li(Mn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3)O2 cathode morphologies for high power Li ion-batteries. J Power Sources 248:729–738
Samarasingha PB, Wijayasinghe A, Behm M, Dissanayake L, Lindbergh G (2014) Development of cathode materials for lithium ion rechargeable batteries based on the system Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co(1/3-x)Mx)O2, (M = Mg, Fe, Al and x = 0.00 to 0.33). Solid State Ionics 268(B):226–230
Samarasingha P, Tran-Nguyena D-H, Behma M, Wijayasinghe A (2008) Li(Mn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3)O2 synthesized by the Pechini method for the positive electrode in Li-ion batteries: material characteristics and electrochemical behavior. Electrochim Acta 53:7995–8000
Sathiyamoorthi R, Manisankar P, Shakkthivel P, Lee MS, Vasudevan T (2008a) Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical studies of LiNi0·8M0·2O2 cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries. Bull Mater Sci 31:441–447
Sathiyamoorthi R, Chandrasekaran R, Gopalan A, Vasudevan T (2008b) Synthesis and electrochemical performance of high voltage cycling LiCo0.8M0.2O2 (M = Mg, Ca, Ba) as cathode material. Mater Res Bull 43:1401–1411
Sathiyamoorthi R, Vasudevan T (2007) Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical behavior of LiNi1-xBaxO2 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5) cathode materials. Electrochem Commun 9:416–424
Shi SJ, Tu JP, Tang YY, Yu YX, Zhang YQ, Wang XL, Gu CD (2013) Combustion synthesis and electrochemical performance of Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 with improved rate capability. J Power Sources 228:14–23
Wang D, Huang Y, Huo Z, Chen L (2013) Synthesize and electrochemical characterization of Mg-doped Li-rich layered li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2 cathode material. Electrochim Acta 107:461–466
Zhang S (2007) Characterization of high tap density Li(Mn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3)O2 cathode material synthesized via co-precipitation. Electrochim Acta 52(25):7337–7342
Funding
This study received financial assistance from the Human Resources Development (HRD) program of the Higher Education for Twenty-First Century (HETC) project of Ministry of Higher Education, Sri Lanka.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Amaraweera, T.H.N.G., Wijayasinghe, A. & Millander, BE. Synthesis of Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3-xBax)O2 cathode materials for lithium-ion rechargeable battery by glycine-nitrate combustion process. Ionics 25, 2501–2507 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-018-2800-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-018-2800-3